When I accept my spouse, I am able to say, "I love you just as you are. I don't want to change anything about you as a person. If you have big feet, or a short attention span, that is just fine with me. I wouldn't trade in anything that is part of who you are." When you can say those things, you've accepted your spouse.
https://www.huffpost.com/entry/acceptance-the-key-to-a-happy-marriage_b_8554062?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAC_W1l670FAzO4vgN6hteiy5kqnQZGShHuApwXmKA1lv5sbp2AhrhVHlrjIal74gwB3G3C7tIBUgCpqVzoQMraenzpBOrUNSBUR2_WSgeOQ8TUYFlPnAo1bZHZVpTu_3kivaNq515zPGOw1cLR7rzwmdajp_dKn_eFnEdi2USkOD
To radically accept someone means: I know of your flaws, failures, weaknesses, and shortcomings. I still love you, here and now. I won’t resist or resent these differences and shortcomings. I will try to extend them tenderness and make peace with them.
“Go and love someone exactly as they are. And then watch how quickly they transform into the greatest, truest version of themselves. When one feels seen and appreciated in their own essence, one is instantly empowered.”
(But, if he is truly a jerk, abusive, overly narcissistic, has substance abuse issues, or anything along those lines, Radical Acceptance is not the answer. If there’s mental, physical, or emotional abuse of any kind, get out of the relationship, full stop.)
https://www.yourtango.com/2014213919/secret-unconditional-love-radical-acceptance
Acceptance: The Key to a Happy Marriage by Spiritual love
http://vietrealm.com/index.php?topic=35966.msg102678;topicseen#new
If you're fat, then you love food more than your man/woman.
If you're broke, then you love being lazy more than your family.
If you are not willing to spend time and raising your child, then you love your career and religion more than your kids.
Etc...
We have standards. If they are not met, baby I want to see you out that door. Bye bye bye.
Someone didn't get the Star Trek Borg reference from Seven of Nine.
Gosh, not only that you're lazy but are also an intellectual midget. No fun talking to you at all. B O R I N G.
Bye loser.
You are the hate which you produce. I am the Love.
Love spewing feminist nonsense. Love being lazy and not trying to get a REAL job. Indepedent women have money. If you are not making money, then how are you indepedent?
Such loser.
You are near 30, and still cant keep a man.They run for the hill as soon as they see what you are about. Beauty is skin deep, your content of character is more important.
As of it, you are a brainwashed idiot and a liability.. when was the last time you cook dinner for your man and gave him oral sexs? Never.
You can start being a lovely person, by going in the kitchen and make us some food. Hmmm kay?
GOSH
Ah, now I know. You are talking about the post where I said that women does not need a man because they are independed at any case because if they have no job they are supported by society. Yes, taxes gives a possibility to women and men to be independed that way.
Independency in this case means they don't have to take a spouse to get food and apartment and they don't have to be victims of human trafficking etc. That you have your full quorum to choose how you build up your life without society, your family or spouse are telling you what to do. Nobody is blackmailing or using you but you are independent.
Your details are so wrong it is already hilarious but what comes to oral sex you should not do that if you don't want to. People have rights to their consent and love is not forcing a partner to do something what they don't want to do. Just say no if you don't enjoy to do something.
Hi, I am Dr.Phil. You may remember me from Oprah many year ago. Today, I have my own show, the Dr.Phil show.
Someone sent a request asking me to advice you, on how to keep a man.
First, you must denounce your feminist religion of feminism.
Secondly, you must not be a lazy parasite and get a job.
Hmmm kay? Getting a real job is very important. You must carry your weight. Thirdly, you must learn how to cook and clean. You must keep his stomach full.
Fourthly, you must learn how to give great blow-job. Hmm kay? I suggest you wear sexy lingerie. When he gets home, you pull him over and blow him. Hmm okay. You must keep his balls empty and stomach full.
All the men left you because you are a feminist idiot. Hmm. Kay? If you keep going down this path, you will be a lonely old lady living with 900 cats. Hmm kay?
So what we will do is send you to blow-job boot camp. Jenna Jameson will show you the rope. Please welcome our special guess. Jenna Jameson, five time best award adult winning actress. ****applauds***
[ to be continue] please tune in the next episode of Dr.Phill show. Starting tomorow at 8pm, Central Pacific time.
Only a helpless man could be 'kept'. :p
caush
Stop, Collaborate & Listen you intellectual stunted clitarists. I, Olive Choose, wear nothing -shy but GOLD from head to toe as you can see below. That there is my GOLD Gucci shoes which costs more than Luigi's mansion tent. Everytime I slip on those Golden Kicks their values go up.
With that kind of money, power and influences I can better save the planet, the animals & the love(not sure what that means but whatevs).
Excuse you but I am now going to auction my Golden Kicks away and use the money to save the animals, starting with bears.
List of bears I, Olive Choose, am saving:
Gummy Bears
Black Bears
Chicago Bears
Brown Bears
Mama 🐻
Bad News Bears
Dead Bears
Stupid bears unwilling to be Bears
Polar Bears
CEEZ
Thank you & Namo Amitofu :)
Fourthly, you must learn how to give great blow-job. Hmm kay? I suggest you wear sexy lingerie. When he gets home, you pull him over and blow him. Hmm okay. You must keep his balls empty and stomach full.
All the men left you because you are a feminist idiot. Hmm. Kay? If you keep going down this path, you will be a lonely old lady living with 900 cats. Hmm kay?
In your example cats seems to be better company
Give your focus for the woman next to you and not on the forum
I've been away from the forum for months so I could spend more time with my woman. But sometimes I just want to let out my inner kid and be silly like we all want to, so I'm back to the forum and then I'm gone again.
You mean you have been anonymous on the forum. Fighting all days long and when I go to stop fighting there is you. I did not know that is you, I don't identify your aggressive side, so sorry about climbing on you. I just checked you don't post by your username so no harm would be done.
Olive Juice == mimosa -kissyface
'They' are telepathic of 'each other's' existence :p
So cute
caush
Yes, this is good material to single guys who are studying how to seduce girls. Ask or remember what she tells about her preferences and then give her that -shrug
Girl A: I falling in love with guys who gets cats from trees
Guy 1: Brings his cat on the tree top, records a video of rescuing the cat and shows the video for the Girl A.
Girl A: -fallinlove
So simple, I don't understand why most guys has not learnt this during thousands of years. It is different things for different girls of course but that is the form. If she likes goths, then be a goth.
I give 8/10 because it is funnily wrapped but I take 2 points away because of that beginning. Without beginning def 10/10. Good job!
If you think that girls are that simple minded than you can't be a girl. -kissyface
scaush
Old homo is ready for you, I can already feel your lip suck around it
Ahah OJ == mimosa! Confirmed.
So you're 'both' homosexual and lesbian
in otherwords gay. Not that there's anything wrong with that. -kissyface
caush
Yes, taxes gives a possibility to women and men to be independed that way. Independency in this case means they don't have to take a spouse to get food and apartment and they don't have to be victims of human trafficking etc.
That you have your full quorum to choose how you build up your life without society, your family or spouse are telling you what to do. Nobody is blackmailing or using you but you are independent.
W T F? You are astonishingly ignorant and delusional. Hmm okay. Let me, a PhD professional teach you about taxes. Hmm okay? Taxes is when Mechanic Joe down the block, has the government pointed a gun at him, took 30% of his money, and when he goes shopping another 10% of his sale taxes money....
They took 40 plus percentage his money, and then pay themselves a commission. Finally, they then give you some crumbs to live off. Obama and Bernie Sanders are parasites, owning multimillion dollar manson through tax commission. They give you crumbs by extorting others for money, they didn't help you with their own money.
Secondly, you are not Independent. You are depedent. Because your government daddy is depedened on the blood, sweat, and labor of the working class. You are parasitic, like tapeworms leeching on another sentient being.
We are going to make you indepedent as of today. Hmm kay. You will attend blow-job boot camps. And then you are off to culinary school. You will become a sweet supportive house wife, and earn your place within society. Hmm kay? Because you are a giant tapeworm.
After this program, you will earn your keep. I love people. I have helped thousands on my show. You are going to get the help you need today.
Stay tune. We will come back after the commercial break. Child, you will be saved.
Okay, guys and gals. We're back. Hmmkay? Today's show is about sucessful relationships, nulcear family, and happiness.
I will send each and everyone of you in the audience, my best selling book: Love Smart - Find the one you want - fix the one you got
I want to discuss, in one particular Chapter. On how to keep your man. For the ladies in the audience. Hmmkay? It is related to today's guess. She cant seem to keep her man. So we are going to help her keep her man. Hmmkay?
First of all, darling. You must keep your mouth shut hmmkay. Your man doesn't want to hear about the patriarchy, oppression, and r4pe. Hmmkay? Those topic are Boner killers, and ultimately relationship ender. Hmmkay? Ruin his boner is ruin the relationships. Hmmkay?
Like when a man ruin his financial future, he is ruin the marriage. Hmmkay? Instead use your mouth to stimulate pleasure viva sweet words of support, and blow-job. So I suggest you pay attention in our BJ boot camp. You will learn from the experts, including Jenna Jameson, five times adult award winning actress.
Keep his stomach full and his balls empty. So we are also sending you to culinary school. You will learn how to cook, today.
By the end of this program. You will have a sucessful, happy, nulcear family. You will keep your man. Your children with have both father and mother. And they will grow up to be happy and sucessful.
You're welcome. I am Dr.Phil and remember...Love Smart. I've help thousands on my show. I know WTF iam talking about. Hmmkay.
You poor thing. Lol, the scandalous person who cannot even hold a sophisticated tv-show without charges. No woman wants to keep a man like that :) Women today are so smart that they live with a man who fully accepts them as they are but it does not mean other peoples good traits could not be appreciated.
Maybe you will grow up some day or maybe you don't. If you don't that might mean your mother choosed just that kind of travesty of a man which you recommend to keep. We are wiser than your mother ;)
http://vietrealm.com/index.php?PHPSESSID=966c8987fa39e5c65704a1f901ade5fb&topic=35966.msg102678;topicseen#new
In ham radio, Morse code signals are often referred to as CW, which stands for continuous wave. Early radio signals died out quickly because they were generated by sparks.
Soon, however, operators discovered how to make steady signals, or continuous waves, by turning the signals on and off with a telegraph key. Thus, Morse code and CW became synonymous.
To tune in a Morse code signal, follow these steps:
Set the rig to receive Morse code by selecting the CW mode and tuning to a frequency somewhere in the bottom 20 kHz to 30 kHz of an HF band.
If your rig has more than one filter, set it to use a wide filter.
A wide filter allows you to find and tune in stations, whereas the narrower ones block out unwanted nearby signals. You select filters with a Wide/Narrow control or with buttons labeled with filter widths.
Adjust the tuning control until you hear a Morse code signal.
The pitch changes as you change the receiver’s frequency. Tune until the pitch is comfortable to your ear.
Datura
A low tone (300–600 Hz) is most restful to the ear, but a higher tone (500–1200 Hz) often sounds crisper. Most radios are designed so that when you tune in a signal with a tone or pitch around 600 Hz, the transmitted signal is heard by the other station at a similar pitch.
If you prefer to listen to a note more than 100 Hz higher or lower, check your rig’s operating manual to find out how you can adjust the radio to accommodate your preferred pitch.
When you tune in the signal at your preferred pitch, select a narrower filter (if one is available) to reduce noise and interference.
If the frequency isn’t crowded or noisy, you can stay with a wider filter.
https://www.dummies.com/programming/ham-radio/how-to-listen-to-morse-code-on-ham-radio/
UK radio amateurs haven’t had to learn Morse code to obtain their licence since July 2003.
Until that date the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) required an assessment of Morse code proficiency to be part of the global amateur radio licensing procedure.
However, since then Morse code has become an optional element in amateur radio practice, and many countries have now removed the compulsory Morse component from their amateur radio licence requirements.
But that doesn’t mean that it isn’t just as relevant nowadays.
You only have to listen to the bottom end of most of the HF bands (such as 40m (7 MHz) or 20m (14 MHz) to realise that far from being dead, Morse code is alive and well and being used by increasing numbers of hams. But why?
Morse code gets through
The answer is simple – Morse code gets through when SSB fails miserably. This isn’t just the die-hard CW (continuous wave) fans speaking, it is a well-known, demonstrable fact.
Hams around the world work distant rare countries every day using CW and 100W or less plus basic wire antennas when single side band (SSB) signals from those parts of the world are virtually inaudible.
A CW signal can have more than a 10-20 dB advantage over a SSB signal (depending on which book you read).
https://www.facebook.com/mantv.vn
An SSB signal will usually occupy about 2.5 KHz. An FM signal will take up about 10 KHz, but a CW QSO can take place in a bandwidth of about 300 Hz.
As you are only listening to a single tone in a narrow bandwidth, it is a lot easier to filter out QRM and electrical interference.
This is vitally important in urban areas and with compromise antennas, which are more prone to picking up noise from nearby electrical wiring, domestic TV sets, power line transmission (PLT) and a host of other pieces of equipment.
Most DXpeditions put a lot of emphasis on CW as an operating mode. And while it may be possible to work them on SSB you may find Morse code easier.
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100034397808354
...
...
RSGB member Dave G3YMC has worked more than 200 countries using just five Watts CW on the HF bands. As he says: “Don’t be put off by the pundits who say you can only work DX with a big linear amplifier and beam antennas. You too can do it like I have.”
So what other reasons could you have for learning CW?
Repeaters identify themselves with Morse Code – if you learn it you will be able to find out what you listening too and what CTCSS (Continuous Tone-Coded Squelch System) code you need to access them.
Beacons also use Morse to identify themselves – find out what countries you can hear on the 10m band and others.
Radish greens are completely edible. Because of their coarse texture, they don't work well in salads unless they're young and very small. They can be cooked like any other green, but there too, you'll want to use young and tender leaves.
Simple CW transmitters can be made quite easily. SSB transceivers are usually more complex to build.
CW is more efficient than SSB, AM or FM. So you can often get away with less effective antennas or lower power levels to make your contacts. This means you are less likely to cause interference and you can still work DX with “stealthy” antennas.
Almond
Even though your Foundation licence limits you to 10 Watts you can still make plenty of DX contacts.
It involves no accent or pronunciation problems, and is a widely-understood international language.
It is fun to learn and use CW!
GOSH that sounds so profinded, YOU must be Olive Juice!!
Auntie told me you is so edumacated and xi mac -shy
Quote from: Holyve cruise on November 16, 2019, 10:58:30 PM
Yes and I am always on my climax but that is just for the adults. Till that you have to date your barbie-Ken, you will be happy together with your barbie-Ken, I will pay your first dates with Ken -lovebao
auwww OJ and mimosa united again how cute! Two quacs equals one unholy phuc.
geez
Namo Amituofo
Everything in life is temporary, arising and falling away.
Clinging to temporary states causes suffering.
Come to terms with the past being gone, and the future being different from what you might desire.
Hatred can pass and becomes love.
Poverty can pass leading to abundant richness.
Unholy can pass yielding to most holy.
I, Sister Gadena, now pronounce Olive Juice and mimoza to each other, husband and wife.
Your wedding day will come and go, but may your love and knees forever grow.
Knee Grows, foreva Knee Grows, foreva!!
Muchas gracias :)
Brother Foreverna Lyrics Virtuosos Sister Gadena
I'll know your eyes in the morning sun
I feel you touch me in the pourin' rain
And the moment that you wander far from me
I wanna feel you in my arms again
And you come to me on a summer breeze
Keep me warm in your love and then softly leave
And it's me you need to show
How deep is your love, is your love
How deep is your love, I really need to learn
'Cause we're livin' in a world of fools, breakin' us down
They should all just let us be, we belong to you and me
I believe in you
You know the door to my very soul
You're the light in my deepest darkest hour
You're my savior when I fall
And you may not think that I care for you
Well, you know down inside that I really do
And it's me you need to show
How deep is your love, is your love
How deep…
Why did the ancient Babylonians adopt a sexagesimal system?
A base 60 system has some advantages over a base 10 system.
10 can only be divided a couple of ways (1, 2, 5) before you need decimal places or fractions. 60 can be evenly divided by 1, 2, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30. This makes the system very flexible. It is also the highest number that you can count on two hands (right uses the thumb to count each joint on the other fingers on the right hand (12) and the left counts the number of dozens).
We still use this system in our time (Sixty seconds to a minute and sixty minutes to an hour) and merchants used a simplified base 12 system for centuries (a lot of items were bought by the gross, 144 or 12x12, hence the term grocer)
Before I get to the “Why”, it’s worth the “What”.
The sexagesimal (i.e. base 60) numeral system originated with the ancient Sumarians in the 3rd millennium BC, before being adopted by the ancient Babylonians (and is still used, in a modified form, for measuring time, angles and geographic coordinates).
With 12 knuckles on one hand, and five fingers on the other hand, there was much to commend the sexagesimal system.
The Babylonians used geometric shapes in their buildings and design and in dice for the leisure games which were so popular in their society, such as the ancient game of backgammon. Their geometry extended to the calculation of the areas of rectangles, triangles and trapezoids, as well as the volumes of simple shapes such as bricks and cylinders (although not pyramids).
The famous and controversial Plimpton 322 clay tablet, believed to date from around 1800 BC, suggests that the Babylonians may well have known the secret of right-angled triangles (that the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the square of the other two sides) many centuries before Pythagoras (the Greek Mathematician).
The tablet appears to list 15 perfect Pythagorean triangles with whole number sides, although some claim that they were merely academic exercises, and not deliberate manifestations of Pythagorean triples.
Furthermore, the Chinese cycle of the Stems and Branches has the same structure as the Sumerian sexagesimal system and it is likely that the Chinese sexagesimal cycle was imported from Mesopotamia to China.
Whilst both the sexagesimal system and the Chinese sexagenary cycle are apt to be explained in terms of the 60-year conjunction cycle of Jupiter and Saturn, such an interpretation of posterity should not conceal the original implication. It was the simplest, largest, practical number base system conceived.
I suggest that the last explanation (the simplest, largest, practical number base system conceived) is the most likely answer.
But I am not, contrary to remarks from my Friends, an Ancient Babylonian.
https://www.quora.com/Why-did-the-ancient-Babylonians-adopt-a-sexagesimal-system
Converting between different number bases is actually fairly simple, but the thinking behind it can seem a bit confusing at first.
And while the topic of different bases may seem somewhat pointless to you, the rise of computers and computer graphics has increased the need for knowledge of how to work with different (non-decimal) base systems, particularly binary systems (ones and zeroes) and hexadecimal systems (the numbers zero through nine, followed by the letters A through F).
In our customary base-ten system, we have digits for the numbers zero through nine. We do not have a single-digit numeral for "ten". (The Romans did, in their character "X".) Yes, we write "10", but this stands for "1 ten and 0 ones". This is two digits; we have no single solitary digit that stands for "ten".
Instead, when we need to count to one more than nine, we zero out the ones column and add one to the tens column. When we get too big in the tens column -- when we need one more than nine tens and nine ones ("99"), we zero out the tens and ones columns, and add one to the ten-times-ten, or hundreds, column.
The next column is the ten-times-ten-times-ten, or thousands, column. And so forth, with each bigger column being ten times larger than the one before. We place digits in each column, telling us how many copies of that power of ten we need.
The only reason base-ten math seems "natural" and the other bases don't is that you've been doing base-ten since you were a child. And (nearly) every civilization has used base-ten math probably for the simple reason that we have ten fingers.
If instead we lived in a cartoon world, where we would have only four fingers on each hand (count them next time you're watching TV or reading the comics), then the "natural" base system would likely have been base-eight, or "octal".
Let's look at base-two, or binary, numbers. How would you write, for instance, 1210 ("twelve, base ten") as a binary number? You would have to convert to base-two columns, the analogue of base-ten columns. In base ten, you have columns or "places" for 100 = 1, 101 = 10, 102 = 100, 103 = 1000, and so forth. Similarly in base two, you have columns or "places" for 20 = 1, 21 = 2, 22 = 4, 23 = 8, 24 = 16, and so forth.
The first column in base-two math is the units column. But only "0" or "1" can go in the units column. When you get to "two", you find that there is no single solitary digit that stands for "two" in base-two math. Instead, you put a "1" in the twos column and a "0" in the units column, indicating "1 two and 0 ones". The base-ten "two" (210) is written in binary as 102.
A "three" in base two is actually "1 two and 1 one", so it is written as 112. "Four" is actually two-times-two, so we zero out the twos column and the units column, and put a "1" in the fours column; 410 is written in binary form as 1002.
Converting between binary and decimal numbers is fairly simple, as long as you remember that each digit in the binary number represents a power of two.
https://www.purplemath.com/modules/numbbase.htm
As we age, the health of our eyes can decline in many ways. The following article describes the age-related disorder of cataracts and offers herbal remedies that can reduce symptoms and prevent degeneration.
A cataract is a clouding or opacity of the lens of the eye, making it difficult to see through.
Often age-related, cataracts occur in most people who live long enough. That's because the eye undergoes a lifetime of bombardment by sunlight's ultraviolet rays, which create free radicals in the eye.
These free radicals cause cell damage, leading to cataracts. Smokers and persons who have diabetes have an increased risk of developing cataracts, as do those who are exposed to excessive amounts of sunlight.
Antioxidants are a natural defense against this condition. Smokers use antioxidants at a high rate because cigarette smoke creates an enormous number of free radicals. Many studies show that people who have lower levels of antioxidants in their bloodstream and in the lens of the eye have a higher incidence of cataracts.
People with diabetes, however, develop cataracts differently. They tend to have higher than normal levels of sugar in the bloodstream and eye. This puts extra pressure on the lens, making it inflexible and eventually damaging cells to the point of cataract formation.
To prevent development of cataracts because of free radical damage, eat garden produce that is rich in antioxidants. Bell and hot peppers, melons, cabbages, potatoes, berries, and citrus fruits are all rich in vitamin C; most items from the garden contain good amounts. Vitamin E is less common in plants. Sweet potatoes however, are unusual in that they contain quite a bit of vitamin E.
Beta-carotene and other carotenoids also battle free radicals. Beta-carotene is prevalent in sweet potatoes, too, as well as in winter squash, carrots, apricots, melons with orange-colored flesh, and dark, leafy greens. A carotenoid called lutein is a powerful antioxidant, and spinach is chock-full of it.
Flavonoids in berries and other purple- and red-colored fruits also put a stop to free radical damage. Quercetin, a flavonoid, helps people with diabetes by preventing sugars from accumulating in the eye. Cabbage family vegetables, especially broccoli, overflow with antioxidants such as lutein and quercetin.
The berries of the bilberry plant are rich in anthocyanidins, another potent flavonoid free-radical fighter. It protects not only the lens but also the back of the eye, the retina.
To get hefty doses of this substance, the extract, capsules, or tablets are often used, sometimes as much as 240-480 mg per day. There are no known problems or side effects associated with taking bilberry in these amounts.
Bilberry contains antioxidant flavonoids, which help keep cataracts at bay, but it also carries substances in its leaves that may help lower and stabilize blood sugar in people with diabetes. Similarly, much of the garden produce that contains fiber, especially soluble fiber, will also help a person with diabetes control blood sugar levels.
Good sources include apricots, apples, beets, berries, citrus fruits, parsnips, squash, and oats, to name just a few. Adequately controlling blood sugar may reduce complications of diabetes such as cataracts.
https://health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/natural-medicine/herbal-remedies/herbal-remedies-for-cataracts.htm
Cataract is the leading reason of blindness worldwide and is defined by the presence of any lens opacities or loss of transparency. The most common symptoms of cataract are impaired vision, decreased contrast sensitivity, color disturbance, and glare.
Oxidative stress is among the main mechanisms involved in the development of age-related cataract. Surgery through phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation is the most effective method for cataract treatment, however, there are chances of serious complications and irreversible loss of vision associated with the surgery.
Natural compounds consisting of antioxidant or anti-inflammatory secondary metabolites can serve as potential leads for anticataract agents. In this review, we tried to document medicinal plants and plant-based natural products used for cataract treatment worldwide, which are gathered from available ethnopharmacological/ethnobotanical data.
We have extensively explored a number of recognized databases like Scifinder, PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Scopus by using keywords and phrases such as “cataract”, “blindness”, “traditional medicine”, “ethnopharmacology”, “ethnobotany”, “herbs”, “medicinal plants”, or other relevant terms, and summarized the plants/phytoconstituents that are evaluated in different models of cataract and also tabulated 44 plants that are traditionally used in cataract in various folklore medical practices.
Moreover, we also categorized the plants according to scientific studies carried out in different cataract models with their mechanisms of action.
The crystalline lens lies behind the iris and represents the dynamic part of the eye’s optical system, responsible for focusing the image onto the retina. Cataract is defined by the presence of any lens opacities or loss of transparency.
The most common symptoms of cataract are impaired vision, decreased contrast sensitivity, color disturbance, and glare. Changes in the lens may also serve as markers for systemic health and aging in the over-all population (Song et al., 2014).
According to the type of lens opacities, cataract is classified into three classical types: nuclear, posterior subcapsular, and cortical. These types can also be associated with each other and if untreated, they progress to total lens opacification.
Some of the most common causes for cataract in adults are age, diabetes, steroid use, family history, or trauma. Congenital cataract has a significant prevalence, also.
Cataract is the foremost reason of blindness worldwide in spite of the technological advancements in eye surgery in the last two decades. In 2010, there were around 32 million blind people and 191 million were with poor vision. One in three blind people suffered from cataract (Khairallah et al., 2015).
The World Health Organization (WHO) suggests that by 2020 the number of blind people will reach 90 million globally (Khairallah et al., 2015; Taylor, 2016).
The strategy to fight this challenge is costly, aiming human resource, infrastructure development, and effective disease control. The latter is dependent on the characteristics of the specific disease. Prevalence of cataract increases with age, from 5% for patients of age 52–62 to 64% for patients over 70 years, in Europe (Prokofyeva et al., 2013).
Age is a non-modifiable risk factor involved in the pathogenesis of cataract, hence the progressive aging of the population is an alarming issue. Identifying modifiable risk factors for cataract is imperative and may help to establish the preventive measures.
The surgical treatment for cataract consists of cataractous lens extraction and intraocular lens implant. It is the only current treatment available in order for patients to recover their visual function.
This implies a significant cost and there is a significant lack of access to surgery, especially in the developing world. Despite good postoperative outcomes, complications are possible following cataract surgery.
Studies have suggested that pseudophakia patients have a higher risk of retinal detachment. Endophthalmitis has also been reported in 0.12% of the operated cases (Toh et al., 2007).
After the surgery, the mobility of the lens is lost and correcting glasses are usually necessary. This will only increase the expense and the discomfort for the patient and society. Medical treatment would be a desired alternative.
The most primitive written reference to cataract surgery was discovered in Sanskrit manuscripts dating back from the 5th century BCE.
It was attributed to Sushruta, a well-known ancient plastic surgeon who described a procedure known as couching, in which the cataractous lens was displaced with a sharp tool to fall it into the vitreous cavity, clearing the visual axis, though the vision was significantly blurred as there were no corrective lenses or glasses (Uhr, 2003; Sachdev, 2017).
Even at the time of Mesopotamia (ca. 3,000–4,000 BCE) records reveal that mysticism along with different animal products, vegetables, and minerals were utilized for the treatment of devil and spirits causing eye diseases.
Hundreds of remedies were also described during the Greek era (ca. 460–375 BCE) for disorders of the eyes. Moreover, eye diseases are also described anatomically by Sushruta (as mentioned above), Galen and various medicinal and surgical procedures were described for the treatment of eye diseases (Duke-Elder, 1962; Albert and Edwards, 1996; Goodman, 1996).
In 1748, the introduction of modern cataract surgery was done by Jacques Daviel in Paris, in which the cataractous lens is removed from the eye.
Later on in 1753, Samuel Sharp of London presented the intracapsular procedure, wherein the whole lens was removed by an incision by put on thumb pressure. In 1867 silk sutures for cataract surgery was originally described by Henry Willard Williams of Boston (Uhr, 2003).
Various mechanisms have been associated with age-related cataract pathogenesis. Lens opacities may appear due to changes in the microarchitecture, caused by mutations, biomechanical, or physical changes.
Despite cataract being a multifactorial disease, sometimes mutations alone can cause lens opacities and this usually leads to congenital or pediatric cataract.
Studies have presented more and more evidence that genetic factors are also part of age related cataract pathogenesis, raising the probability of molecular genetic relations between lens development and aging (Hejtmancik and Kantorow, 2004).
Out of around 42 genes and loci that have been found to underlie congenital forms of cataract, a few of them have been linked with age associated cataract: EPHA2 (encodes a member of ephrin receptor of protein-tyrosine-kinases), CRYAA, CRYGS (both encode lens proteins), FYCO1 (encodes a scaffolding protein which is active in microtubule transport of autophagic vesicle), or TDRD7 (encodes an RNA-binding protein).
The mutation p.Gly18Val in CRYGS results in a protein with normal structure in physiological conditions. The alterations in its structure occur after thermal or chemical injury. A similar mutation is Phe71Leu in CRYAA.
The discovery of mutations in genes coding for TDRD7, EPHA2, and FYCO1 has provided the initial evidence for the functional importance of posttranscriptional mRNA regulation, ephrin signaling, and the autophagy pathway, respectively, in human lens transparency (Shiels and Hejtmancik, 2015).
Gene mutations underlying secondary forms of cataract could also play part in age related cataract formation. A mutation in gene on 17q of galactokinase 1 (GALK1) which is responsible for encoding of the first enzyme in galactose metabolism, trigger autosomal recessive GALK1 1-deficiency with hypergalactosemia and cataract as a result of galactitol accumulation and osmotic stress.
A coding variation in GALK1 (p.A198V) generates enzyme instability associated with amplified risk of age-related cataract in the Japanese population (Okano et al., 2001).
Oxidative stress is among the main mechanisms involved in the development of age-related cataract. Oxidative stress occurs when reactive compounds like the superoxide anion, hydroxyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide are not neutralized by antioxidant enzymes and defense systems. Enzymes like catalase, SOD, and GPX are crucial for the homeostasis of the antioxidant system and ROS.
When levels of ROS increase, this denatures the lens nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, leading to mutations and cell apoptosis. Metabolic activities mostly take place in the lens epithelium. The lens epithelium uses the antioxidative enzymes in order to prevent damages caused by oxidative stress.
Studies suggest that the highest concentration of SOD is in the lens epithelium (Rajkumar et al., 2013). These enzymes are also present in other parts of the lens and play a very important part in maintaining the lens clarity (Chang et al., 2013).
SOD is responsible for converting superoxide anion into hydrogen peroxide, and then hydrogen peroxide is transformed into water by catalase or GPX. SOD enzyme activity is associated with cofactors like zinc, manganese, and copper.
However, a decreased level of cofactors in cataractous lenses was not found. Experimental animal models show a decreased level of glutathione in the nucleus, therefore there is a higher susceptibility for oxidative damage and opacity formation (Giblin, 2000).
Studies have shown that serum and aqueous humor levels of antioxidative enzymes are decreased in patients with cataract. However, there was no significant difference among different types of cataract and enzymes serum levels (Ohia et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2015).
Crystallins, the major structural lens proteins have an imperative role in the lens transparency and acquire post-translational alterations during cataract formation, which lead to protein insolubility, aggregation and loss of lens transparency. Out of the three major crystallins, α-, β-, and γ-, α crystallins exhibit chaperone like activity, preventing them to aggregate.
The chaperone activity is reduced in cataractous lenses. Prolonged hyperglycemic conditions increase the chances of crystallins deterioration (Reddy et al., 2014). Calcium activates calcium-binding proteins triggering changes in the shape and charge of the proteins.
Elevated levels of calcium appear to induce proteolysis of crystallins by calpain, an intracellular cysteine protease. Activation of calpain, an intracellular cysteine protease, leads to proteolysis of the lens proteins.
In order for calpains to activate, a high level of calcium is required (Obrosova et al., 2010). Studies demonstrate that the privation of an endogenous inhibitor of calpain, named calpastatin, could be linked to the initial changes that cause cataract (Nakajima et al., 2014).
Some antioxidants have been reported to regulate calcium influx in selenite induced cataracts, for instance the flavonoid fraction of Brassica oleracea (Vibin et al., 2010).
Alterations in the protein structure are also determined by UV exposure. Studies have shown that UVB generates more damage than UVA and that damages are prevented by the lens filters.
After UV radiations, proteins suffer chemical reactions resulting in aggregations, decreasing the transparency of the lens (Cetinel et al., 2017). The crystalline lens is particularly exposed to phototoxic damage, because it absorbs most of UV radiation, together with cornea.
The main association is with cortical cataract, most of the absorption occurring at the posterior surface of the lens. UV radiation can generate free radicals including oxygen-derived species, that cause lipid peroxydation of cellular membranes or can damage DNA directly (Youn et al., 2011).
In vivo, induced cataract has no absolute threshold for UV exposure. UV induced cataract for in vivo exposure at UV-300 nm has a continuous dose-response function (Söderberg et al., 2016). UV radiation data from Eurosun library implied that rates of cataract were higher in regions with higher ambient UV-B radiation levels (Delcourt et al., 2014).
Opacity of the lens is triggered by free radicals in most of the cases (Varma et al., 1984; Thiagarajan and Manikandan, 2013). Severe oxidative stress also leads to the protein modifications by free radicals, and several natural products from plants are helpful in the prevention of proteins insolubilization, which may delay the opacity of lenses (Bhadada et al., 2016b).
Natural compounds constituting of antioxidant or anti-inflammatory secondary metabolites could be viewed as potentially optimal anticataract agents as antioxidant effect is among the major mechanisms for prevention of cataract in most of the cases, however, not all the plants possessing antioxidant potential could have anticataract properties.
The role of plant polyphenols in anti–cataractogenic activities is also studied in the comprehensive manner either in vitro or in vivo (Rooban et al., 2009, 2011; Kim et al., 2011c; Wang et al., 2011; Sasikala et al., 2013; Sunkireddy et al., 2013; Ferlemi et al., 2016).
Although there is substantial basic and applied research in the field of cataract management by natural products, mostly ethno-pharmacological/ethnobotanical research, there are not many review papers available about the activity analysis of natural products against different cataract models.
One paper focused on antioxidant containing plants against cataract was found with 41 plants investigating anti-cataract activity (Thiagarajan and Manikandan, 2013).
Although there are few ethnopharmacological surveys and their reviews available (Maregesi et al., 2017), there is no detailed review available on the activities of different plants extracts and natural products in cataract models.
In this work, we attempted to gather and document the widely scattered information from various preclinical investigations and ethnopharmacological reports. We searched several web databases namely, Scifinder, ScienceDirect, Pubmed, Scopus, and Google Scholar.
Boolean information retrieval method (Pohl et al., 2010) was applied using plant name with “AND” operator as also done in some other systemic reviews (Tewari et al., 2017, 2018) followed by “cataract” and using other different keywords such as “cataract”, “traditional medicine”, “ethnobotany”, “sodium selenite”, and “ethnopharmacology”.
The main research question we try to address in this paper is: “are medicinal plants/natural products used in various folk and traditional medicine of importance in the management of cataract?” and “what are the major preclinical in vitro/in vivo models that are used globally for the evaluation of cataract?”
We hypothesize that plants used in ethnomedicine are not only of potential importance but also preclinical studies conducted on various models of cataract could result in the development of potential drug candidates in future.
This could be very rewarding for the scientists and scholars working in this area and also very beneficial for the patients to take forward the preclinically effective plants for clinical studies.
Oxidative stress is involved in activation of MAPKs. Compounds resulted from the activation of MAPKs have been studied and were associated with cell apoptosis.
The p38 MPAK was studied in vitro and it was shown that it is activated by hydrogen peroxide, induce cell apoptosis in lens epithelial cells and the antioxidant agents could reduce its effects. Inhibitors of p38 MAPK reduced ROS levels and apoptosis (Bai et al., 2015). Lipids peroxidation is also a reason of age related cataract. This process has a negative impact on lipid–lipid and lipid–protein interactions. Research has shown high levels of hydroperoxides, oxy derivatives, and diene conjugates of phospholipid fatty acids in the aqueous humor of cataract patients.
Also, studies have reported high levels of oxidation products of linoleic acid in patients with early cataract (Bai et al., 2015). A schematic representation of oxidative stress mechanisms involved in cataract etiology and action mechanisms of several medicinal plants with conducted pharmacological studies for the treatment of cataract are presented in Figure 1. Polyol pathway is associated with diabetic cataract. Enzymes implicated in the polyol pathway, sorbitol dehydrogenase and AR are responsible for the conversion of glucose to fructose. Sorbitol, an intermediate compound, was found to produce cell lesions by modifying the membrane permeability.
Therefore, accumulation of sorbitol leads to osmotic stress, collapse, and liquefaction of lens fibers resulting in loss of lens transparency (Pollreisz and Schmidt-Erfurth, 2010; Hashim and Zarina, 2012). AR converts glucose to sorbitol, dependent to NADPH.
As a consequence, the level of NADPH decreases, also having a negative impact on the glutathione activity and the antioxidant system. In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that by inhibiting the activity of AR, the progression to cataract in patients with diabetes is reduced (Kim et al., 2011a; Ramana, 2011). The glycosylation pathway has also been linked to diabetic cataract.
Excessive glucose level induces the glycation of proteins, generating superoxide radicals and AGEs in the process. Recent studies suggest that there is interdependence between the oxidative stress and polyol pathway, through AR and iNOS, responsible for the nitric oxide production during oxidation (Snow et al., 2015; Li et al., 2017) (Figure 1).
Here, we present details of plants evaluated against cataract with discussion of their possible mechanism of action (Figure 1 and Tables 1–4). Some important chemical structures of the natural products that are used against cataract or found in plants used in the management of cataract are also presented at Figure 2 (not all chemical structures are presented).
We categorized the plants based upon the models evaluated. Table 1 describes the natural products used against cataract evaluated on selenite/sodium selenite induced cataracts, in Table 2 natural products used against cataract on preventive photooxidative damage is described, Table 3 deals with the natural products used against cataract on sugar-induced lens opacity/Streptozotocin induced diabetic cataract/galactose or glucose induced/ZDF models, in Table 4 AGEs-BSA crosslinking inhibition assay and lens AR activity models are described, and Table 5 describes the natural products used against cataract on hydrogen peroxide and naphthalene induced cataract and other miscellaneous models.
Like in case of any other disease conditions, medicinal plants are being used in management of various eye ailments from ancient times. Medicinal plants are used in case of cataract, eye infections, conjunctivitis, eye dryness, and other eye disorders in many countries including India (Sandhu et al., 2011; Das et al., 2013; Rothe and Maheshwari, 2016), Bangladesh (Yusuf et al., 2006; Das et al., 2007, 2013), Nepal (Manandhar, 2002; Acharya and Pokhrel, 2006; Gewali, 2011; Watanabe et al., 2013), Sudan (Khalid et al., 2012), Tanzania (Maregesi et al., 2016), South Africa (Pendota et al., 2008), and many other regions of the world.
The literature analysis revealed that the sugar-induced or diabetic cataract models were the highest used models which were applied for the evaluation of around 39.84% of the plants/natural products. It was followed by selenite/sodium selenite induced cataract which is another common model of evaluation of cataract, and it accounts for around 36.71% of the plants/natural products.
AGE-BSA crosslinking inhibition assay was used for the evaluation of 10.93%, and hydrogen peroxide and naphthalene induced cataract was account for evaluation of around 9.38% of the plants (Figure 3). In most of the cases especially for the diabetic cataract models, it was found that different antioxidant parameters like soluble protein, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, lipid peroxidation were used (Bhadada et al., 2016b).
Inhibition of AR was found as the most common hypothesis in these models (Bhadada et al., 2016b). Uses of in silico studies were also found common in some studies to explore the binding mode of the phytochemicals with the aldose reductase enzyme (Bhadada et al., 2016b; Patil et al., 2016).
In most of the studies, rats or rat pups lens were utilized as the model (Bhadada et al., 2016b; El Okda et al., 2016; Ferlemi et al., 2016; Sreelakshmi and Abraham, 2016) and in some cases fresh goat eyeballs were also used (Patil et al., 2016).
In vitro studies were also utilized in large number of experiments. In some studies lens crystalline turbidity assay was used by estimation of lens protein turbidity using homogenized decapsulated porcine lenses which were procured from the local slaughterhouses in some cases (Ferlemi et al., 2016; Liao et al., 2016).
Some other important factors in cataractogenesis like UV radiation was also used by researchers, and it was also proposed that some compounds can protect γ-crystallin from UV radiation damage and can act as potential anticataract agents (Liao et al., 2016).
Many of the mentioned plants showed potent anticataract activity in in vitro and in vivo models. Vitex negundo and Vitis vinifera were the plants in which sufficient preclinical studies were conducted and they may be of potential clinical use. It is also interesting that Vitex negundo was also used in the folk medicine in India (Kulkarni et al., 2008).
The genus Ocimum was also one such genus which is utilized in folk medicine and was scientifically validated for its anticataract potential. Some other interesting findings were the use of Pleurotus ostreatus extract that prevented cataract in 75% of the tested rats (Isai et al., 2009).
In a clinical study, although not directly against cataract, silybin improved the peripheral nerve conduction velocity and was reported as an effective aldose reductase inhibitor that can improve the disorder of polyol pathway in non-insulin dependent diabetes patients and prevent chronic complications of diabetes (Zhang et al., 1995) like cataract.
The detailed list of medicinal plants used in the management of cataract as reported in many ethnopharmacological surveys is given in Table 6. Singh et al. (2012) had also listed the medicinal plants used in management of cataract, however, the mechanistic insight was not performed and plants used in the management of cataract available till 2011 were covered (Singh et al., 2012).
It was found that most of the surveys were conducted in different developing countries like Bangladesh, Chile, India, Nepal, and Tanzania (see Figure 4). Apart from the ethnobotanical surveys, several plants used in traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda were also found beneficial for cataract.
One such good example of use of Ayurvedic formulation against cataract is the use of Triphala which showed good effect against cataract in in vitro and in vivo (Gupta et al., 2010a; Mahajan et al., 2011) studies and also was evaluated clinically and showed promising results (Bhati and Manjusha, 2015), however, more clinical studies are required involving larger patients for better scientific evidences.
Plants used in Ayurveda like Momordica charantia, Eugenia jambolana, Pterocarpus marsupium, and Trigonella foenum-graecum prevented cataract development when observed in alloxan diabetic cataract model (Rathi et al., 2002; Vats et al., 2004).
Although, many plants have been utilized in various folklore medical practices, most of them are not scientifically validated. Moreover, some of these traditional practices may be harmful for the eyes as well. For instance, use of latex/sap of some Euphorbiaceae plants like Euphorbia hirta and Croton caudatus can be dangerous for eyes rather being beneficial.
Moreover, sufficient care is obligatory while using the herbal medication for any of the eye diseases, as there is a case study that showed that cataract or development of cataract was aggravated after treatment with some unrevealed herbal medication in a 11 years old patient with atopic dermatitis (Kang et al., 2008).
Cindy Dang, left, Tinh Tran and Chau Dang assist in preparations. The Dangs are continuing a noble Houston tradition of immigrant families starting with nothing, working long hours, sacrificing much and eventually establishing themselves firmly in this city’s dining scene. Mama Ninfa, the La family of Kim Son fame, Hugo Ortega of Hugo’s and Eleni and Dimitri Fetokakis of Niko Nikos all followed this pattern in making their restaurants into well-loved food destinations in this food-loving city. http://houston.culturemap.com/news/city-life/02-23-10-family-run-huynh-is-a-labor-of-love/#slide=1
This survey reveals that selenite/sodium selenite induced cataracts was the preferred model in studies with natural products used against cataract, followed by sugar-induced lens opacity/diabetes induced cataract models, AGE- BSA cross-linking inhibition assay, lens aldose reductase activity models, and hydrogen peroxide-induced cataract, and other miscellaneous models.
Diverse and sometimes complex phytochemicals present in numerous plants possess a broad spectrum of mechanisms for cataract treatment. One of the main mechanisms for the anticataract effect is the antioxidant effect (inhibitory effect on ROS formation). Several plants increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes as well.
Some other important mechanisms involved are calpain inhibition, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, amelioration of calcium induced proteolysis, alteration in the protein profiles and the insolubilization of soluble proteins, attenuation in the inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, and AR inhibition.
For development of ocular drug delivery, various factors should be considered which affect the bioavailability of the ocular drugs. These factors include pH, structural forms of the drug, osmolarity, viscosity, tonicity, and the salt form of the drug.
Increasing scientific evidence clearly reveals that natural products have the potential to combat cataract at different levels but at the same time critical evaluation for the safety and toxicity profiles are required. Despite of potential evidence for the significance of natural products against cataract, the possible clinical trials are still lacking.
Ethnopharmacological evaluation of the medicinal plants used for cataract treatment could be a beneficial approach for the development of potential natural product-based therapies against cataract.
In this work we have analyzed over 120 papers and found that around 44 medicinal plants/natural products are used for cataract management in different traditional and folk medicine systems. Possible mechanisms of around 118 plants/natural products (including repetition in different models) are also studied.
It is interesting that most of the ethnobotanical survey studies are reported from many developing countries like Bangladesh, Chile, India, Nepal, and Tanzania.
The medicinal plants are not only utilized in the folk medicine but many of the plants are also mentioned for cataract management in the traditional systems of medicine like in Ayurveda, traditional Chinese medicine and in Korean tradition medicine.
However, it is still of utmost importance to document more comprehensively the plants utilized in the traditional medicine and rigorous preclinical and clinical studies are required to validate the use of such plants. It was also notable that some combinations of plants were also used such as KIOM-79 which is a mixture of ethanol extract (80%) of parched Puerariae Radix, gingered Magnoliae Cortex, Glycyrrhizae Radix, and Euphorbiae Radix is used in Korean tradition medicine.
Another such important combination formulation is ‘Triphala’ which is widely used Ayurvedic formulation in India containing fruits of Emblica officinalis Gaertn., Terminalia chebula Retz., and Terminalia belerica (Gaertn.) Roxb.
However, many of the plants used in traditional medicines are not evaluated for their efficacy using rigorous scientific studies. Detailed mechanism-based in vitro and in vivo studies should be performed for the characterization of their possible pharmacological effects. On the other hand, evaluation of possible toxicity of these medicinal plants/natural products is also important as these medicines are directly applied in eyes and can have not just potential benefits but also harmful effects. Although there are numerous studies going on at preclinical level, clinical evidence for efficacy is still the need of the hour.
Author Contributions
DT, OS, AM, DG, HD, JE, and AA drafted the initial manuscript. All authors improved, contributed, and agreed on the final version of the manuscript.
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. AM acknowledges the support by a grant of the Romanian Ministry of Research and Innovation, CNCS - UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P1-1.1-PD-2016-1900, within PNCDI III. AA acknowledges the support by the Polish KNOW (Leading National Research Center) Scientific Consortium Healthy Animal—Safe Food, decision of Ministry of Science and Higher Education No. 05-1/KNOW2/2015. The authors would like to express their gratitude to Ms. Izabela Zene for her excellent technical help in designing Figure 1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6585469/
The number twelve (that is, the number written as "12" in the base ten numerical system) is instead written as "10" in duodecimal (meaning "1 dozen and 0 units", instead of "1 ten and 0 units"), whereas the digit string "12" means "1 dozen and 2 units" (i.e. the same number that in decimal is written as "14").
The duodecimal system (also known as base 12, dozenal, or rarely uncial) is a positional notation numeral system using twelve as its base.
The number twelve (that is, the number written as "12" in the base ten numerical system) is instead written as "10" in duodecimal (meaning "1 dozen and 0 units", instead of "1 ten and 0 units"), whereas the digit string "12" means "1 dozen and 2 units" (i.e. the same number that in decimal is written as "14").
Similarly, in duodecimal "100" means "1 gross", "1000" means "1 great gross", and "0.1" means "1 twelfth" (instead of their decimal meanings "1 hundred", "1 thousand", and "1 tenth").
The number twelve, a superior highly composite number, is the smallest number with four non-trivial factors (2, 3, 4, 6), and the smallest to include as factors all four numbers (1 to 4) within the subitizing range, and the smallest abundant number.
As a result of this increased factorability of the radix and its divisibility by a wide range of the most elemental numbers (whereas ten has only two non-trivial factors: 2 and 5, and not 3, 4, or 6), duodecimal representations fit more easily than decimal ones into many common patterns, as evidenced by the higher regularity observable in the duodecimal multiplication table.
As a result, duodecimal has been described as the optimal number system.[1] Of its factors, 2 and 3 are prime, which means the reciprocals of all 3-smooth numbers (such as 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 16, 18, 24, 27, 32, 36, ...) have a terminating representation in duodecimal.
In particular, the five most elementary fractions ( 1⁄2, 1⁄3, 2⁄3, 1⁄4 and 3⁄4) all have a short terminating representation in duodecimal (0.6, 0.4, 0.8, 0.3 and 0.9, respectively), and twelve is the smallest radix with this feature (because it is the least common multiple of 3 and 4).
This all makes it a more convenient number system for computing fractions than most other number systems in common use, such as the decimal, vigesimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal systems.
Although the trigesimal and sexagesimal systems (where the reciprocals of all 5-smooth numbers terminate) do even better in this respect, this is at the cost of unwieldy multiplication tables and a much larger number of symbols to memorize.
Padmasana, or Lotus Position, is thought to be one of the most classic and ancient meditation positions. https://www.facebook.com/pg/ThirdEyePinecones/photos
Various symbols have been used to stand for ten and eleven in duodecimal notation; the Unicode standard uses rotated digit two (U+218A ↊ TURNED DIGIT TWO) and reversed or rotated digit three (U+218B ↋ TURNED DIGIT THREE), respectively.
These were implemented in Unicode 8.0 (2015), but as of 2019, most general Unicode fonts in use by current operating systems and browsers have not yet included them.
Using these symbols, a count from zero to twelve in duodecimal reads: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, rotated digit two, reversed or rotated digit three, 10. A more common alternative is to use A and B, as in hexadecimal.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodecimal
Perhaps surprisingly, the baking soda solution was found to be most effective at removing pesticide residues both on the surface and beneath the skin of apples.
The baking soda solution used in the study was very weak a mix of only one ounce of baking soda mixed with 100 ounces of water. And it took 12 to 15 minutes of soaking to completely remove the pesticides.
Here is their list of the most contaminated produce (most important to buy organic):
Strawberries
Spinach
Nectarines
Apples
Peaches
Pears
Cherries
Grapes
Celery
Tomatoes
Sweet Bell Peppers
Potatoes
And here is their list of the least contaminated produce:
Sweet corn (Note: could be GMO)
Avocados
Pineapples
Cabbage
Onions
Sweet peas, frozen
Papayas
Asparagus
Mangos
Eggplant
Honeydew Melon
Kiwi
Cantaloupe
Cauliflower
Grapefruit
How to Wash Produce
washing beats and scallions
Do you usually wash your produce by rinsing it under cold, running water? Most people do.
This method works well to remove some of the pesticide residues from some forms of produce.
Scientists at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station found that washing produce with running water reduced the amount of pesticide residue for 9 of the 12 tested pesticides. So, running water can work, but what about using products called produce cleaners? Should you use them? Research has shown that most commercial produce cleaners are no more effective than plain water.
But several liquids have been shown to be more effective than plain water. Those are salt water, vinegar water, or baking soda water.
Washing Produce with Salt Water
Salt water is one of the easiest and most cost-effective ways to remove certain pesticides.
In a study published in Food Control, researchers washed vegetables for 20 minutes in vinegar, a salt water solution, or plain water to eliminate the residue of four common pesticides chlorpyrifos, DDT, cypermethrin, and chlorothalonil.
They discovered that a 10% salt water solution was the most effective, and far more so than washing with plain water.
Full-strength vinegar was found to be equally as effective. But using vinegar would get quite expensive and would leave foods with an unwelcome vinegary flavor, making it less than ideal for a daily vegetable wash.
What may be the best way to clean fruits and veggies comes from a new study published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. This study compared the effectiveness of plain water, a Clorox bleach solution, and a baking soda and water solution.
Perhaps surprisingly, the baking soda solution was found to be most effective at removing pesticide residues both on the surface and beneath the skin of apples.
The baking soda solution used in the study was very weak a mix of only one ounce of baking soda mixed with 100 ounces of water. And it took 12 to 15 minutes of soaking to completely remove the pesticides.
Washing produce – tomatoes – in a colander
In the studies mentioned above, researchers cleaned produce much longer than most of us would on an ordinary day. But this should not prevent us from putting their methods to use.
Most people would never wash vegetables for longer than a couple of minutes, so weve adapted the results of these studies to more practical everyday use.
Admittedly, it wont be quite as effective as study results, but it should be more effective than plain water.
Heres a quick and easy way to wash veggies using baking soda:
For leafy greens
Fill a salad spinner with greens, then fill with water.
Add a teaspoon of baking soda and mix well.
Soak your greens for a minute, swish, dump, then rinse, and spin dry. If you dont have a salad spinner, you can add the greens, water, and baking soda to a bowl, let them soak, drain in a strainer, rinse, then pat leaves dry with a clean lint-free kitchen towel or paper towels.
For mushrooms
There is some debate in the culinary world about how to clean mushrooms.
Some chefs prefer to gently wipe mushrooms with a damp towel. However, to clean mushrooms thoroughly, you can gently scrub mushrooms using a mushroom brush and then rinse them quickly under running water. After that, blot the mushrooms dry with a clean kitchen towel or paper towel.
For other veggies
Fill a large bowl with water.
Then add a teaspoon of baking soda.
Add the veggies.
Soak for a minute or two.
Scrub with a brush.
And finally, rinse off the veggies.
How to Wash Fruits
Washing fruit – blueberries and strawberries
Smooth skinned fruits, such as apples, nectarines, and cherries, can be washed in a baking soda bath the same way as veggies.
Berries can be rinsed under cold water in a mesh strainer, then gently patted dry with a clean kitchen towel or paper towels just before you intend to eat them.
Although your instinct may be to rinse off berries when you bring them home, doing so actually increases moisture and accelerates spoilage, microflora, and mold. Which is why its best to rinse them soon before you eat them.
Glyphosate slips itself into every cell of the plant, not just the surface where its applied. And it remains there. No matter how hard you try, you cant wash it or peel it away!
Grains, beans and legumes tend to have the highest levels of glyphosate contamination. Farmers spray the herbicide on the plants shortly before harvest to improve yield.
gut microbes produce folate
Glyphosate targets your important gut microbes that produce folate.
Its also sprayed on fruits to make them last longer. And because its now in the water and the rain, its even being found in some USDA-Certified Organic crops!
The World Health Organization (WHO) declared glyphosate a probable carcinogen in March of 2015, and the state of California finally listed glyphosate as a carcinogen in July of 2017.
Some experts believe the harmful effects of glyphosate may be even worse than the pesticide DDT that was first used during World War II until it was finally banned in 1972.
And chronic exposure to glyphosate, even in very small amounts, can disrupt the delicate balance of your gut microbes, leading to GI inflammation and an impaired gut barrier.
Normally, your gut microbes supply your body with important amounts of folate. But if you have glyphosate in your system as 3 out of 4 people do your supply of folate may be at risk thanks to chronic exposure to one of the most potent anti-microbial agents in modern history. Men and women need folate.
Women – and men – of all ages need folate, not folic acid
Obviously you need to get enough folate, but Im going to make a very bold request of you.
It may take you by surprise, as it is likely to be the opposite of the conventional medical advice. However, youll soon see I have very good reason and scientific proof for making this request. In fact, its one that could have profound effects on your health.
Starting today I want you to avoid folic acid supplementation.
Now, you may be wondering, Isnt this nutrient essential for health?
Heres the thing your body needs folate, not folic acid. And no matter what anyone says, folic acid and folate are not interchangeable!
Folic acid is not the same thing as the folate you get from food. Whats more, folic acid combined with the glyphosate and heavy metals pervasive in our food supply may actually prevent you from getting the folate you need.
Folate is vital for your health. Your cells need it for healthy growth and division. Your entire body and your brain need it for proper functioning. And if you are a pregnant woman, your developing fetus especially needs folate.
So, please dont get me wrong While I want you to avoid folic acid, you must get enough folate every single day.
Why You May Be Overdosing on Folic Acid but Still Be Deficient in Folate.
Today, even though it is still widely recommended by most conventional physicians, some experts believe Americans may be getting too much folic acid. How can that be?
Up to 40 percent of adults take supplements containing folic acid. And if you eat any processed foods that contain enriched flour, youre getting additional folic acid, whether you want it or not.
You may not recall, but a law was passed in the United States in 1998 that required all fortified flour products, including bread, cereal, flour, cornmeal, pasta, rice, and other grain products to contain 0.7 milligrams of folic acid per serving.
Back in the 90s, the incidence of spina bifida was increasing. Since this birth defect is related to folate, the U.S. government believed it had a deficiency problem on its hands.
They decided that adding the cheaper synthetic form of folate, folic acid, to foods that many people ate daily seemed like the obvious, cost-effective solution. So manufacturers started adding this synthetic form of folate to enriched flours.
However, remember the effects of glyphosate on your gut microbes that we talked about earlier? Certain genetically engineered foods have a similar effect.
Certain genetically engineered foods, like GE corn have a similar detrimental effect on your gut microbes, and can impair the pathway that produces folate.
Besides the harm glycogen can do to your gut, aging is also associated with changes in your gastrointestinal tract that can affect your absorption of folate. And because of that, deficiencies of folate and vitamin B12 are more commonly seen in older individuals.
Studies show a link between low levels of folate and poor cognitive function and memory concerns. If you consume a lot of folic acid from fortified foods and supplements, you can actually mask the appearance of a vitamin B12 deficiency!
The Price Your Liver Pays When Youre Overloaded With Folic Acid
Your liver may need extra help if you consume a lot of folic acid.
I think youll agree that its clear we need a good daily source of folate. But is supplementing with folic acid the best way to get it?
Imagine this scenario The average person may be taking a supplement with folic acid and eating folic acid-enriched foods. That can add up to a significant amount of man-made folic acid. What happens to all of it?
Folic acid must be converted to folate for your body to use it. But because folic acid is missing whats known as a methyl group, it must first get one from your liver before it can be converted.
So hows this related to ridding your body of harmful substances? When you consume large amounts of folic acid from supplements and processed foods your liver can become overwhelmed. Through the process of supplying methyl groups to folic acid, your liver can deplete itself of these critical groups.
Your liver not only can lose its ability to reduce folic acid, this process can also use up its supply of glutathione, the powerhouse molecule thats essential for your bodys ability to clear out unwanted substances. Glutathione is needed to bind to and remove mercury and other heavy metals.
If the folic acid you consume cant get the methyl group from your liver, the folic acid accumulates in your blood.
So if your liver exhausts itself, you can lose on two counts compromise your bodys ability to cleanse itself of heavy metals and harmful substances, and be left with folic acid hanging out in your blood which is also not a good thing
Folic Acids Toxic Effects on Your Brain and Immune Function
Folic acid travels to your brain, and there, can block your brain folate receptors. It must be in the reduced, active 5-MTHF form to cross your blood brain barrier for cognitive benefits.
folic acid block brain from using folate
Folic acid can block your brain from using folate
If and when you finally do get the right form of folate to your brain, its useless because the folic acid is already there blocking it from working properly.
This blockage can lead to issues associated with low levels of folate in your brain and central nervous system.
While folate is vital for proper brain function and mental and emotional health, folic acid doesnt provide the same benefits and may even have toxic effects.*
A recent study of post-menopausal women taking daily folic acid supplements showed that elevated serum folic acid levels, or inactive folic acid in your blood can reduce the critical actions of natural killer cells.
Interestingly, an early study from the 1990s showed folic acid supplementation did provide benefits without any down side. It was believed that your gut microbes took care of reducing the folic acid to its active form folate.
Then came a groundbreaking study in 2014 that proved this belief wrong.
It turns out theres an extra step that must happen before your gut can fully reduce and add methyl groups to folic acid. This puts an even greater burden on your liver that can lead to liver stress, impaired removal of toxins, and reduced antioxidant and methylation capacity.
Understanding Methylation A Crucial Process That Keeps Your Body Functioning Properly
We just talked about how your liver must methylate or add methyl groups to folic acid before your body can use it. What exactly does this mean? And what is methylation?
Methylation is a process where methyl groups (unique structures of one carbon atom and three hydrogen atoms) are added to the DNA molecules in your cells. This process occurs over a billion times a second to keep your body functioning properly!
In fact, this life-supporting process provides these necessary methyl groups to over two hundred functions in your body, including:
Folate aids methylation, the essential process for DNA repair and cleansing your body of toxins. Repairing and building DNA and RNA. Protecting your cells telomeres or genetic material that affect aging.
Turning genes on and off
Regulating cellular energy
Repairing cell membranes and nerve sheaths
Supporting a healthy normal allergic response
Building immune cells
Producing glutathione to aid in cleansing of tissues
Regulating hormones
Supporting your bodys ability to clear itself of chemicals and heavy metals
Modulating your bodys stress response
Regulating your brains neurotransmitters for mood, brain function, and sleep
Supporting healthy weight management
I think youll agree, methylation is important for your health, and especially your longevity.
However, in many individuals, the methylation cycle cant effectively use the methyl groups it produces. Are Methylation Issues Getting in the Way of Your Health and Happiness? Meet the MTHFR Gene. You might be feeling low in energy. Maybe youre feeling moody or down. You may not be sleeping as well as youd like. Or you may be finding it hard to concentrate or notice it takes you a while to calm down after a frightful experience.
Perhaps youre dealing with metabolic, thyroid or heart issues, or have questions about your hormones. All these can be signs that you have a mutation in the gene that controls your methylation cycle the MTHFR gene (stands for methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase).
Up to a half of the U.S. population may have a MTHFR gene mutation.
A mutation is a change in your DNA sequence. When you have a MTHFR mutation, you have whats considered a down regulation of the enzyme. A mutation can affect a genes shape and function. The enzyme MTHFR converts the folate you get in food into its active form, 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF).
By turning folic acid into methylate folate or 5-MTHF, you kick-start your methylation cycle. And methylation is essential for the proper removal of heavy metals and chemicals like glyphosate from your body.
Generally speaking, many individuals with MTHFR enzyme challenges arent able to purge heavy metals and other toxic substances properly.
Although the incidence of a MTHFR mutation varies widely depending on ethnic group and region, some leading alternative practitioners now believe that as many as 40 to 50 percent (or more) of the U.S. population may have the gene defect!
The best way to know for sure if you are affected is to work with a knowledgeable, preferably holistic practitioner and possibly test for MTHFR.
So You Suspect (or Know) You Have the MTHFR Gene Mutation. Now What?
Grounding and movement promotes proper methylation. The good news is, even if you have a variance in the gene, you are not doomed to expressing it! There are many everyday things you can do to help balance methylation and give your body its best chance to overcome the shortfall:
Avoid foods and supplements with folic acid (be sure to read labels!)
Eat lots of organic raw, leafy green vegetables and other high folate foods
Avoid processed foods, refined carbohydrates, and sugar. Minimize stress and practice stress management (I recommend Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) and meditation)
Avoid dairy, gluten, and soy (especially important if you have methylation issues)
Restrict, or better yet, avoid alcohol (it depletes needed B vitamins)
Avoid smoking and second-hand smoke
Reduce your exposure to plastics, BPA, and manmade materials
Avoid using cleaning products with toxic and harsh chemicals
By following these healthy living guidelines, you can help reduce the stress on your elimination organ your liver and help improve your methylation and your bodys ability to remove harmful substances.
http://www.academyofwellness.com/washing-vegetables-to-remove-pesticides.html
Bilberries and blueberries are frequently confused in daily life. Bilberries are popular in Europe and have been for generations while blueberries were first broadly grown in America in the 20’s. Both fruits produce enormous nutritional benefits.
As per research done by the University of Michigan Cardiovascular Center, their antioxidants might even have some pretty dramatic advantages for serious health problems. The bilberry has historic uses that date back to the 1500s that show the dried berries and leaves of the shrub being used.
Modern interest stems partly in the fruit’s use by British pilots in the second world war, when pilots discovered that their night vision was somewhat enhanced after eating bilberry jam before their night bombing raids.
Within the decades since, researchers have found the bioflavonoids in bilberries to be powerful antioxidants. In Europe, where bilberry farming originated, bilberry extracts are regularly suggested for the nutritional health care for one’s eyes. In the U.S. blueberries are one of the best foods to eat for antioxidants. There are very few fruits or vegetables that can compare to the antioxidant components in blueberries.
The proven fact that berries’ effect on rhodopsin affected night vision acuity in pilots has resulted in a fascination with more typical vision problems like macular degeneration as well as the effect of anthocyanine’s on eye problems.
Bilberries supply help for night-vision by nourishing the visual purple element of the retina. Bilberries and blueberries both could potentially normalize capillary permeability and also enrich capillary strength. The antioxidant ability of blueberries and bilberries is just another amazing factor that both of these fruits contain. Antioxidants scavenge numerous free radicals that damage cellular health. On a fresh weight basis, blueberries possess the greatest antioxidant capacity of all fresh produce analyzed up to now.
The bilberry grows wild in rugged, hilly places and is native to central and northern Europe. The bush is notoriously hard to cultivate and the bilberry fruit is picked manually, making them much more expensive than blueberries.
Even though some species were introduced to areas of Europe, blueberries are mainly indigenous to the United States. Blueberries are simple to cultivate, and the majority of the blueberries picked in the United States come from Maine.
The important distinction between bilberry and blueberry bushes entails the manner by which the berries cluster. In bilberry bushes, the berries develop independently, and sometimes in pairs.
In comparison, blueberries form in big clusters. Examine the clustering to figure out what sort of berries happen to be, should you see blue – colored berries growing within the wild.
https://www.naturalalternativeremedy.com/bilberry-vs-blueberry/
Earlier this week, Donald Cerrone shocked the MMA world by coming out publicly against his long-time camp, JacksonWink MMA, over allowing recent import - and soon to be opponent for Cerrone - Mike Perry to continue training at the camp despite Cerrone’s longstanding ties to the gym. ‘Cowboy’ went after head striking coach Mike Winkeljohn particularly, saying that Winkeljohn ruined the quality of the gym in pursuit of money.
Winkeljohn quickly responded that Cerrone was at fault for the division, calling him “as narcissistic as they come.” Now, the MMA public is choosing sides and at least one luminary is definitely on Team Cerrone.
Speaking recently on MMA Tonight on SiriusXM Fight Nation, former UFC women’s bantamweight champion Miesha Tate says JacksonWink has been in this position before and they should have shown more loyalty towards a fighter who has been with the gym since its inception instead of the new kid in town. “This is reminiscent,” Tate said. “I feel like we’ve heard this story about this camp before when it was Rashad Evans and him feeling like he was pushed out of the spot with Jon Jones coming in. “What I think is not cool, if it had been someone that had been training there like Carlos Condit or someone like that who had been training there a long time and they were gonna fight each other and both had that mutual respect, and mutual foundation at that gym, that’s different.
But when the new guy is coming in and he’s like, ‘I wanna fight Cowboy’ and he comes to Cowboy’s gym, I think that the right thing to do by the gym - I think there’s some loyalty that should be towards Cowboy. He’s been there a really, really long time.”
As one of the premier camps in MMA, this isn’t the first time this has been an issue for JacksonWink.
Rashad Evans trained with JacksonWink for years, winning the UFC light heavyweight title with the team in 2008.
But as Jon Jones rose to prominence through the camp, the situation became tenuous and Jones eventually stepped in for an injured Evans to compete for the light heavyweight title, winning the belt and precipitating Evans’ exit from the team.
While the situations are fundamentally different (Perry only began training with JacsksonWink in the last few months), Tate thinks the entire situation could have been handled with more grace, suggesting that JacksonWink should have just told Perry he couldn’t train with them for this fight.
“‘This is probably not the camp for you to come in, Mike, because you’re fighting our boy. Cowboy has been with us forever. We’d love for you to come in for the next camp but Cowboy’s our dude,’” Tate said. “That’s how I think.
Even though I know Cowboy doesn’t drive there every single day, he doesn’t train at the gym - there are some other reasons I think behind that, I think - that’s just me.
That’s how I hope my gym would operate if I was under those circumstances.”
...
https://www.mmafighting.com/2018/8/31/17802730/morning-report-miesha-tate-thinks-jacksonwink-treatment-of-cowboy-cerrone-is-not-cool
Miesha should talk about gym loyality.
It’s funny how Miesha is talking about being "loyal" to a gym and yet she spent her entire career wandering from gym to gym and never really settled in one place. I think the longest she ever stayed at one place was in Las Vegas and that was only for 2-3 fights at the end.
Maybe if she had gone to Jackson\Win earlier in her career, they could have given her the game plan which Holly used to destroy fat Honda.
Posted by Chanel Oberlin on Aug 31, 2018 | 12:05 PM
Posted by Amstaff on Aug 31, 2018 | 1:24 PM
I'm an old man... mixing emojis with text... man I can't read that shit.
Are we going back to hieroglyphics and pictograms? I’m just asking so I know.
Posted by LNB on Aug 31, 2018 | 9:33 AM
https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2018/8/31/17801746/diego-sanchez-donald-cerrone-after-jackson-wink-mma-fallout-criticism-welterweight-mma-news
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