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The Yi people of southwest China, sometimes referred to as Nuosuo or Lolo, number close to nine million, making them the seventh largest ethnic minority in China.
Traditionally, the Yi had a very structured society, with men performing “masculine” work and women performing “feminine” work.
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Until the 1950s, society was also organized into three castes: a ruling caste and two lower slave castes.
While their society has had to adapt to modern Chinese standards, many aspects of their ancient culture have survived, such as the language and unique animistic religion called Bimoism.
The Yi are spread out across diverse terrain in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi provinces.
A large majority of them, namely 2.2 million, live in the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in the extreme south of Sichuan.
Liangshan has long been the home of the Yi people and has drawn the fascination of outsiders, such as famed Han dynasty historian Sima Qian and Marco Polo travel companion Xu Xiake.
Ancient Petroglyphs Near Sapa Vietnam
The Yi are likely descended from the archaic Qiang people (not to be confused with the Qiang who still exist today) of northwestern China.
Yi legend has it that their singular ancestor is Apu Dumu, whose six sons by three women conquered parts of Yunnan, Guizhou, and Liangshan, where they intermarried with local tribeswomen.
They have never lived in isolation, having several interactions with Han culture throughout the years.
Notably, the Yi faced war with legendary Three Kingdoms general Zhuge Liang and survived, a feat few could manage.
Throughout most of the Yi’s history, they have been a slave-owning people.
Interestingly, most of the slaves were Yi themselves.
The caste system divided Yis into three groups: the Black Bone Yi, the White Bone Yi, and the Jianu.
The Black Bone Yi were the ruling class, making up roughly 7% of the population at any given time.
The White Bone Yi, who made up about 50% of the population, were not slaves but rather subjects of the Black Bone Yi, with no freedom of migration.
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Some White Bone Yi owned land, but only at the discretion of the Black Bone Yi.
The Jianu, meaning household slaves, were divided into two subgroups: the Ajia and Xiaxi, of which the latter suffered the worst fate.
Seven pieces set, ivory, dated CE 762
Neither the Ajia nor Xiaxi had any rights, and the Xiaxi were treated like wild animals, even being forced to forage for their own food.
The People’s Republic of China, that is, the Communists, outlawed this caste system upon their takeover in 1949.
Reforms were carried out with the cooperation of the Black Bone Yi and completed in 1958.
The reforms emancipated 690,000 slaves and redistributed land and property to the lower classes.
Across all Yi people, six mutually unintelligible varieties of Loloish are spoken. Loloish is a subgroup of the Tibeto-Burman language family.
The six varieties are named based on geographic location, with the Northern Yi (or Nuosu) making up the largest branch, with some two million speakers.
Northern Yi is also the basis of the Yi script, once logographic but now syllabary, thanks to the influence of foreign missionaries.
While some Yi have adopted Buddhism, the majority remain dedicated to the group’s traditional religion of Bimoism.
Bimoism is a form of animism, which emphasizes ancestor worship and hosts a large pantheon of deities and spirits.
The Yi of Liangshan find great power in nature and believe that storms are caused by angry gods.
The Yi have their own calendar comprised of ten 36-day months and celebrate two New Years, each at a solstice.
They adhere to their own set of festivals as well, with both New Years being occasions to offer animal sacrifices to their ancestors.
https://theculturetrip.com/asia/china/articles/an-introduction-to-chinas-yi-people/
Ancient Chinese historians reported that the Nation Việt Thường offered Emperor Yao a 1.000 year-old tortoise which carried on its back an inscription in tadpole-like writing (chữ con nòng nọc=chữ khoa đẩu) summarizing things after the creation of the world.
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However, the Chinese never let the Vietnamese know the shape of these characters for more than 3.000 years.
In the contrary, all Chinese historians maintained that the ancestors of Tráng people, who were the Lạc Việt, did not have the writing.
Most of the educated Vietnamese people believed firmly that the Vietnamese had their own writing before the Chinese imperialists conquered their country for more than one thousand years.
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Unfortunately, they did not have the convincing evidence of such writing because the Chinese destroyed all the evidence during more than one thousand year under their domination and failed attempt to sinicize the Vietnamese people.
On December 2011, Lí Nhĩ Chân announced the Society of Research of the Lạc Việt Culture in the Guangxi province have rediscovered one thousand ideograms of the Lạc Việt writing in Guangxi province.
He said the ancient Lạc Việt had invented the writing in 4.000 BC– 6.000 BC.
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The discovery of the Lạc Việt writing this time will re-write the history of China ‘s writing because the culture of the Lạc Việt people was the most influential culture in ancient China.
Lí Nhĩ Chân announced that the Society of Research of the Lạc Việt Culture has rediscovered the ancient scripts of the Lạc Việt people at the District Bình Quả in Guangxi province on December 22, 2011.
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The scripts at the archeological site of ritual celebration “xẻng đá lớn”Cảm Tang, in the city Mã Đầu, District Bình Quả, Guangxi province were inscribed on many fragments of “xẻng đá lớn”.
Besides, the Research Society has also found many badges and paints of the ancient Lạc Việt in the mountain Đa Minh in Guangxi province.
The Head of the House of Artifacts at Guangxi, Chairperson of the Board of Evaluation of Artifacts, Tưởng Đình Du, recognized the badges and paints made for ritual celebration of the ancient Lạc Việt at the time of the new stone age.
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The national expert team of the government evaluated the scripts at the apogee of cultural xẻng đá lớn (4.000 BC – 6.000 BC).
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The Lạc Việt writing was earlier than the Oracle Bone Scripts at the end of the Shang Dynasty by more than 1.000 years and earlier than the pre-Oracle Bone Scripts inscribed on the animal bones of Đông Di people in Sơn Đông province and had the close origin with the writing of 250.000 Vietnamese-related ethnic Thủy in Quý Châu.
The Society of Research of the Lạc Việt Culture wrote : “The Lạc Việt people in China invented the writing in four thousand years in the ancient time erased the notion that the ancestors of the Tráng people, who were the Lạc Việt, did not have the writing.
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The discovery of the Lạc Việt writing this time will re-write the history of the China’s writing because the Lạc Việt culture was the most prominent in the ancient China.
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Before this event, all Chinese historians kept saying that the ancestors of Tráng people did not have the writing..
The chairperson of the Research Society of the Lạc Việt Culture, Tạ Thọ Cầu, introduced the member experts of the Research Society who collected a great number of artifacts proving that the ancient Lạc Việt had invented their ideograms in four thousand years BC .
These ideograms dated back to the early time of new stone age starting at the apogee of the cultural “xẻng đá lớn” (4.000 BC – 6.000 BC) and surely had the close origin with the Oracle Bone Scripts and the writing of the Thủy people.
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The discovery of the Lạc Việt writing leads to very important implications that we will discuss in details later because the Lạc Việt scripts in Guangxi province included the characters inscribed on the bronze objects of Đông Sơn (2000 BC), thoses on two small pottery disks found in the region of Hòa Bình Culture (8000 BC) and the Oracle Bone Scripts at the end of Shang Dynasty (1300 BC).
The Vietnamese archeologists are very happy of the discovery of Lạc Việt writing, but its discovery was not some thing very suddenly unexpected because these experts have known many earlier data concerning these scripts :
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1-The documents on the potteries at the archeological site Bán Pha 2 in the province Sơn Tây dating back to 12.000 BC.
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2-The scripts inscribed on the abdomen of tortoise at the archeological site Giả Hồ in the province Hà Nam dating back to 9.000 BC.
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3-Many scattered characters found in Sơn Đông.
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4-The writing of the Vietnamese-related ethnics Thủy people, with 250.000 population in Quý Châu.
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The archeologist Hà Văn Thủy believed that these characters have the following characteristics :
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a-The characters at the archeological sites Bán Pha 2 and Giả Hồ appeared well before the era when Chinese imperialist leader Hiên Viên conquered the country of Bách Việt (2600 BC). These characters belonged, therefore, to the Vietnamese who lived in the ancient China for 40.000 years BC.
b-All scripts Bán Pha 2 and Giả Hồ and the writing of the Thủy people were close to the Oracle Bone Scripts and Kim Văn (writing on bronze objects).
Based on the principles of reading the Oracle Bone Scripts, American experts have successfully read the documents on the potteries Bán Pha 2.
c-The earliest and simplest characters were found close to and “recalled” the latest and more complicated ones which were Oracle Bone Scripts. This fact suggested that the pictograms in China had a gradual continous development from 12.000 BC to 15,000 BC.
By analyzing “rìu Cảm Tang”, we see the scripts of Cảm Tang were more complicated than the characters of Bán Pha 2 and Giả Hồ, but simpler than the Oracle Bone Scripts and Kim Văn.
This fact leads to the hypothesis that the system of Lạc Việt writing processed from that of Bán Pha 2 and Giả Hồ to Cảm Tang, The question was where did the scripts of Bán Pha 2 come from?
One needs more archeological finds to understand the evolution of the Vietnamese writing. However, based on what we already had, we can theorize that the scripts of Bán Pha 2 came from rare symbols from the stone plain Sapa.
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From the stone plain Sapa, groups of Vietnamese went west and north to Sơn Tây, Thiểm Tây and left their writing on the old potteries of Bán Pha 2.
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Other groups of Vietnamese went to Guangxi, Guangdong, then crossed the Yangtze River to the region of Sơn Đông to form a big Vietnamese community there. At the earliest period, the scripts of Bán Pha 2 and Giả Hồ were simpler.
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At the later period, the scripts of Cảm Tang were much more complicated. We believe the Oracle Bone Scripts and the characters on the bronze at Anayang in Henan province, were the final development of the Lạc Việt writing. It was the evolution of the Vietnamese writing by archeological artifacts.
We have the writing document called Việt Tuyệt thư or Việt Tuyệt ký (also called Việt Chép documenting the Vietnamese history), a document of the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC – 480 BC) before the Records of the Grand Historian (ca.100 BC).
Sima Qian and other Chinese historians used Việt Tuyệt thư as the historical source of the Bách Việt History and legendary history of the ancient times. Việt Tuyệt thư recorded that the writing system and the culture of the Shang Dynasty was the continuation of that of the Xia Dynasty.
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Confucius (551 BC – 479 BC) taught students in Vietnamese language which was called at that time “Nhã Ngữ” (Nhã is beautiful, Ngữ is Language).
He wrote his book “Xuân Thu” (Chronicle of the Warring States Period) in tadpole-like scripts according to “Tân thư Vệ Hằng truyện”. Therefore, Sima Qian should have written the history of China in tadpole-like scripts too, which was called later in Chinese scripts by the Chinese historians.
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Shi Huangdi of Qin ordered to use Nhã Ngữ (Vietnamese language) to unify the writing and language of the whole China until the Han Dynasty.
In 40 AD, the people of Red River Delta in the present Vietnam revolted against Chinese overlordship, led by Two Sisters (Hai Bà Trưng), Ma Yuan was sent to Guangdong province to organize suppression of the uprising.
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Ma Yuan spoke Vietnamese and wrote Vietnamese. After the suppression of the uprising, Ma Yuan took with him the Vietnamese Legal Codes (Bộ Việt Luật) written in square pictograms (chữ vuông tượng hình).
Ma Yuan sent 300 Vietnamese noble families to the South of Yangtze River region for re-education while he organized the destruction of the Vietnamese writing and language. These Vietnamese people had to learn these square pictograms again later from the beginning.
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But at that time, these square pictograms were called Chinese writing. Therefore, the so-called Chinese writing were, in fact, the Vietnamese writing which was changed to Chinese name. It was clear that the Chinese imperialists forced the people to call these Vietnamese scripts the Chinese characters.
We had many direct evidence that the Lạc Việt writing belongs to the family of tadpole-like writing of the Bách Việt.
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The Lạc Việt writing on the small piece of stone chosen by Lí Nhĩ Chân clearly showed the same word Sĩ (Fig. 2)which was seen on the small pottery disk found in the region of Hòa Bình Culture in Vietnam and the word Mộc (Fig. 3) written on the bronze objects of Đông Sơn also found in Vietnam.
In another words, the characters of Hòa Bình and Đông Sơn people were the continuing development of the Lạc Việt writing. As we mentioned that the discovery of the Lạc Việt writing generated many very important cultural and historical implications.
The top implication of all is the Origin of the Chinese Writing. The reasonable questions should be asked are: “Were the Chinese writing and the tadpole-like writing two different writing systems or the same ones?
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Where did the Chinese writing come from if it were different from the tadpole-like writing?
Why are the Chinese still in the active process of looking for the origin of their writing after more than 3.000 years despite the fact that they identified the Oracle Bone Scripts as the Shang Dynasty’s writing system?
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Were the Oracle Bone Scripts invented by the Chinese?
Did the Shang Dynasty really have a writing system?
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To resolve these basic questions, we have to find out whether the Shang Dynasty had a writing system? and the details of the Oracle Bone Scripts found in 1899 ?
In 1600 BC, the Shang Dynasty, a nomad tribe of origin Turk with a oral culture (no writing system) came from North West lived a nomad life in Uyghur (Tân Cương) and Qinghai (Thanh Hải).
They then invaded the land of Bách Việt later. They had all the rights to take every thing including lands, wealth, culture and writing of the conquered people.
We had the writing document Việt Tuyệt thư (770 BC – 480 BC), a document before the Records of the Grand Historian (ca. 100 BC), which wrote that the writing system and culture of the Shang Dynasty was the continuation of that of the Xia Dynasty.
This fact conformed with the assertion of Professor Lương Kim Định that the culture of Trung Nguyên (ancient China) was that of Di Việt.
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At the end of the Shang Dynasty, the culture was not Chinese yet, but it still remained Di Việt. The fact that the Shang Dynasty did not have any writing system could be demonstrated scientifically and by history:
Scientifically, Professor Vũ Thế Ngọc by analysing the Oracle Bone Scripts in 1899, demonstrated that the Oracle Bone Scripts were not invented in the Yangshao area during 3.000 years BC because there was no visible attempt to invent the Oracle Bone Scripts in the Yangshao area during these 3.000 years.
They were probably left there by another people when they migrated through the area. This reason was the evidence that the Chinese did not invented the Oracle Bone Scripts as they claimed.
A Persian youth playing chess with two suitors. Chess was played in Persia as early as the 3rd century AD.
Before the game had a King and Queen, in Persia, where the Chess was invented, it had a Shah and Vizier. The Shah is a Persian King.
As the story goes, the Vizier, Shah’s closest advisor, had invented the game of Chess, and the Shah was so delighted with it that he offered the Vizier anything he wanted as payment for creating such a wonderful past time.
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The Vizier answered that he would like to have one grain of wheat for the first square on the Chess board, two for the second, four for the third, eight for the fourth, and so on, doubling the amount until all 64 squares were accounted for.
1: 1
2: 3
3: 7
4: 15
5: 31
6: 63
7: 127
8: 255
9: 511
10:1,023
11:2,047
12:4,095
13:8,191
14:16,383
15:32,767
16:65,535
17:131,071
18:262,143
19:524,287
20:1,048,575
21:2,097,151
22:4,194,303
23:8,388,607
24:16,777,215
25:33,554,431
26:67,108,863
27:134,217,727
28:268,435,455
29:536,870,911
30:1,073,741,823
31:2,147,483,647
32:4,294,967,295
33:8,589,934,591
34:17,179,869,183
35:34,359,738,367
36:68,719,476,735
37:137,438,953,471
38:274,877,906,943
39:549,755,813,887
40:1,099,511,627,775
41:2,199,023,255,551
42:4,398,046,511,103
43:8,796,093,022,207
44:17,592,186,044,415
45:35,184,372,088,831
46:70,368,744,177,663
47:140,737,488,355,327
48:281,474,976,710,655
49:562,949,953,421,311
50:1,125,899,906,842,623
51:2,251,799,813,685,247
52:4,503,599,627,370,495
53:9,007,199,254,740,991
54:18,014,398,509,481,983
55:36,028,797,018,963,967
56:72,057,594,037,927,935
57:144,115,188,075,855,871
58:288,230,376,151,711,743
59:576,460,752,303,423,487
60:1,152,921,504,606,846,975
61:2,305,843,009,213,693,951
62:4,611,686,018,427,387,903
63:9,223,372,036,854,775,807
64:18,446,744,073,709,551,615
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There wasn’t enough grain on the entire planet to fulfill the Vizier’s request! No one knows what happened to the Vizier when the Shah discovered the trick, but the fable does illustrate the power of exponential growth.
https://ideonexus.com/2008/07/09/a-classic-chess-fable/
The history of the Shang Dynasty was written by the Zhou Dynasty many centuries after it destroyed the Shang Dynasty.
The "Chinese skill" to create the pseudo-pictogram "Việt" in the form of an axe of the Shang Dynasty from the true pictogram Việt written with the "symbol rice" of the Vietnamese invention before the invasion of the Chinese.
The "Chinese Scripts and Symbols" article of the Wikipedia wrote : "A major event in the history of Chinese script is the standardization of the writing by the First Emperor of Qin who unified China in 221 BC.
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Before that time, each of the many states in China had their own style and peculiarities which mean that, although mutually comprehensible, the scripts had many deviations. The First Emperor introduced the Qin script as the official writing."
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This statement showed that before the Chinese invasion to the unification of China by Shi Hoangdi of Qin, the tadpole-like writing were used in all states of China. This was the clear evidence of lack any writing system during the reign of the Shang Dynasty.
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The beginning of the Shang Dynasty to take over the Vietnamese writing was marked by the Chinese creation of the pseudo-pictogram "Việt" by “skillfully” detaching the tail of the pictogram Việt bộ Mễ ( pictogram Việt written with a special symbol called “symbol Mễ” or “symbol rice”) of the invention of the Vietnamese people to mark their earliest and greatest discovery of water rice in the world and establishment of the agriculture of rice before the Chinese invasion of the land of Bách Việt in 1600 BC.
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Was the pseudo-pictogram Việt in the form of an axe of the Shang Dynasty invented by the Chinese (Fig. 6)? No, the Chinese under the Shang Dynasty just detached the inferior portion of this pictogram Việt bộ Mễ invented by the Vietnamese people. They created a pseudo-pictogram and forced the people to call it Việt for their well planned purpose.
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That truth was revealed by the words of Bình Nguyên Lộc who described the pictogram Việt in the form of an axe of the Shang Dynasty in his book “The Malaysian Origin of the Vietnamese People”.
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He wrote (Page 154-157) : “The original word Việt was very strange : a long horizontal straight line and a hook underneath it. It was the word Việt at the end of the Shang Dynasty and the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, nobody knew how it looked like under the Xia Dynasty because no archeological artifacts were found in the Xia Dynasty, nobody knew whether it had any writing system or not.
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This simple word Việt was certainly the tail of the second word Việt in the Chinese literature which our educated people called Việt bộ Mễ (Việt written with the“symbol rice”) but the Chinese called it the Việt bộ Nguyệt (word Việt written with the “symbol moon”) and this symbol “moon” was exactly the same tail, but not the “symbol rice” in the square.
Until Confucius rewrited the Kinh Thư, the word Việt written with the “symbol rice” appeared in the literature.
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Before that period of time, we saw only the original word Việt with the tail of the word Việt written with the “symbol rice”.
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Why did the Chinese write it like that? No book explained it. We did do the research on our own.
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We believed that this original and simplistic word Việt seemed to mean possibly the axe… Such axes were digged up in Quốc Oai between Hà Đông and Sơn Tây…”.
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The purpose of the Chinese falsification of the pictogram Việt with the “symbol rice” was to give the false impressions :
1-The Shang Dynasty was able to invent the pictogram, so the future writing was of Chinese invention. The reality was that the Chinese under the Shang Dynasty just "borrowed" the inferior part of the pictogram Viet written with the “symbol rice” of the Vietnamese script in pre-invasion of the Shang Dynasty era in order to lead the people into error that the Chinese could also invent the writing system for their own use.
2-The Chinese set a name Việt for the Vietnamese people. The name Việt existed in the Việt Thường (2358 BC) longtimes before the Chinese invasion of the land of Bách Việt in 1600 BC. The mythology of Mường people called King Việt “Bua Yịt” or “Yịt Yàng” (Yàng means King or Leader in the Austro-asiatic languague).
The word "Yịt" was the ancient language of South Asia which was translated to ancient Chinese, then it was translated back from ancient Chinese to Han Viet language and became "Việt".
3-They wanted to conceal the truth that they inherited the writing system of the conquered people (the Việt bộ Mễ and Việt bộ Tẩu did exist well before the invasion of the Shang Dynasty and later found in the Oracle Bone Scripts in 1899 in the region of Yangshao Culture).
4-They fooled Vietnamese historians including Bình Nguyên Lộc to have the false notion that the pictogram Việt being associated with the axe unearthed in Quốc Oai or Chiết Giang.
Bình Nguyên Lộc himself questioned “Why did the Chinese write the pictogram Việt that way?”
The correct answer was “Because they did not have any writing system, so they had to “borrow” the Vietnamese writing system, specially the pictogram Việt with the “symbol rice” and “skillfully” detach the tail of this pictogram in order to form a new pseudo-pictogram in the form of an axe.
Portrait of a fisherman sitting on a lobster trap
They then imposed on the people the new pictogram and forced them to call it “Việt”. This way seemed to be successful, so Chu Tuyên Vương (827 BC – 782 BC) ordered the high-ranking Mandarin Trửu to change the tadpole-like characters of the Vietnamese people into the Greater Seal Scripts in order to write the China’s history.
The Chinese always claimed that the writing history of China can be found as early as the Shang Dynasty (c.1700 – 1046 BC), although as proofs they had only ancient historical texts such as Records of the Grand Historian (c. 100 BC), Bamboo Annals (5th century BC – 221 BC).
Oracle Bones with ancient Chinese writing from the Shang Dynasty has been radiocarbon dated as early as 1500 BC.
The oldest Chinese inscriptions that are indisbutably writing are the Oracle Bone Script identified by scholars in 1899 at the village Anyang in Henan province.
The Records of the Grand Historian was written by Sima Qian from 109 BC to 91 BC (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia).
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The Bamboo Annals is a chronicle compiled in the State of Wei during the Warring States Period (5th cent. BC – 221 BC).
The great part of these bamboo slips had been destroyed by the grave robbers.
Sima Qian and many other Chinese historians used Việt Tuyệt thư (770 BC – 480 BC) as historical source about the history of Bách Việt and legendary stories of the ancient times. Sima Qian was born in 145 BC or 135 BC – 86 BC).
He should have been writing the Chinese history in tadpole-like characters as recorded by the Chinese Scripts and Symbols article : “A major event in the history of China script is the standardization of writing by the First Emperor of Qin who unified China in 221 BC.
Before that time, each of the many states in China had their own style and peculiarities which meant that, although mutually comprehensible, the scripts have many deviations.”
This article demonstrated that Tuyệt Việt thư was authentic about the universal usage of the Vietnamese writing, language and culture. Until the time of Shi Hoangdi of Qin (221 BC – 207 BC), all states in China still used the same “mutually comprehensible scripts”which was the tadpole-like characters.
Therefore, the Shang Dynasty did not have its own writing system.
The same article wrote : “The inscriptions on these bones tell us that by 1200 BC Chinese writing was already a highly developed writing system which was used to record a language fairly similar to classical Chinese.
Such a complex and sophisticated script certainly has a history but so far we found no trace of its predecessors.”
The last statement "... script certainly has a history but so far we found no trace of its predecesssors" strongly suggested that the Oracle Bone Scripts were not invented in the Yangshao Culture area during 3.000 years BC.
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It re-enforced the conclusion of the scientific analysis of the Oracle Bone Scripts by Professor Vũ Thế Ngọc in the paragraph IV (Did The Chinese invent the Oracle Bone Scripts?)
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The history of the Shang Dynasty was written only many centuries after it was destroyed in 1050 BC by the Chu Dynasty.
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It was the Chu Dynasty who wrote the history of the Shang Dynasty!
If the Shang Dynasty had a writing system in 1300 BC, its history should have been written longtimes ago (250 years) before it was destroyed in 1050 BC.
The Chinese claimed the Oracle Bone Scripts were the writing of the Shang Dynasty. We are going to examine the details of the Oracle Bone Scripts unearthed in 1899 in the region of Yangshao Culture.
In 1899, Wang Yrong a government official in Beijing fell sick. He was prescribed medicinal dragon bones. He noticed that an old Chinese writing was inscribed on these bones.
This unexpected uncovering of the Chinese writing on medicinal dragon bones led to the discovery of the Oracle Bone Scripts in 1899 in Anyang, the last capital of Shang Dynasty where archeologists have found an enormous amount of carved bones.
Therefore, Wang Yrong was the first Chinese who saw the Oracle Bone writing.
The Oracle Bone Scripts dated back to 1300 BC. They were unearthed in 1899 – that is – from the end of the Shang Dynasty to the Han Dynasty.
At that time, no Chinese knew there were Oracle Bone Scripts buried in the soil. Even King Chu Tuyên Vương (827 BC – 782 BC) did not know them either when he ordered the high-ranking Mandarin Trửu to change the tadpole-like characters to the greater seal scripts to write the history of China.
The Dictionary Việt-Hán-Nôm presented brievely the story of the writing Việt-Nôm wrote : “The Greater Seal Scripts appeared in 826 BC – 827 BC and was the invention of the high-ranking Mandarin Trửu under King Chu Tuyên Vương.”
However, the Chinese kept saying : “The Greater Seal Scripts are the ancient scripts of the Chinese Calligraphy which originated from the Oracle Bone Scripts of the Chu Dynasty (1050 BC – 256 BC) and developed in the State of Shi Hoangdi of Qin (221 BC – 207 BC) in the Warring States Period”.
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This is a statement lacking historical and scientific background because the Oracle Bone Scripts were not unearthed in 1050 BC until 1899, so no Chinese in the Chu Dynasty, Shi Hoangdi of Qin and Han Dynasty ever knew them.
Therefore, it could not be said that the Greater Seal Scripts were originated from the Oracle Bone Scripts in Chu Dynasty!!
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The Chinese consciously hid the fact that King Chu Tuyên Vương (827 BC – 782 BC) had the high-ranking Mandarin Trửu change the tadpole-like characters of the Vietnames people to the Geater Seal Scripts to write the China’s history.
Therefore, the Greater Seal Scripts had nothing to do with the Oracle Bone Scripts.
They were created and used to write the China's history for 2,827 years before the Oracle Bone Scripts were unearthed in 1899.
Professor Vũ Thế Ngọc recognized, by analysis that the Oracle Bone Scripts, "The total lack of pictograms" which are indispensible for all types of writing of any people in the world at the very early beginning of their invention.
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In Chinese writing, the Six Rules (Lục Thư) states that the ideogram MUST depend on the pictograms to be formed.
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Prof. Vũ Thế Ngọc could not find any visible attempt to invent the Oracle Bone Scripts in 3.000 years in the Yangshao Culture area. He wrote :
“However, from Yangshao to that period, there was almost 3.000 years. But during 3.000 years, one could not observe any evidence that there were a continuing evolution of the signs or material of the Yangshao leading to the development of the latest writing at the end of the Shang Dynasty (1300 BC).
The interval of 3.000 years was sufficient to dispel the hypothesis that there were a relationship between the two parties.”
This analysis demonstrated that the Oracle Bone Scripts were not invented during 3.000 years in the region of Yangshao Culture.
They could have been left there by another people who had migrated through that area. Therefore, the Oracle Bone Scripts were not the invention of the Chinese people.
In fact, international archeologists and some Chinese archeologists like Liu Xigui did not accept the Chinese scripts which were related to the Yangshao Culture.
Liu Xigui wrote (2000 p.31) : “We do not have any basis for stating the signs on the potteries, animal bones or tortoise constituted writing, nor is there reason to conclude that they were ancestral to Shang Dynasty Chinese characters.”
Wilhem G. Solheim II at the University of Hawaii wrote that the Hòa Bình Culture was the origin of the Yangshao Culture”.
The final conclusion was that the Chinese did not invent the Oracle Bone Scripts nor the Six Rules as they claimed. Who was the inventor of the Oracle Bones Scripts?
As demonstrated above, the Lạc Việt scripts inscribed on the piece of stone showed the characters of the Hòa Bình and Đông Sơn people, we have to examine the writing of the Hòa Bình people and the characters on the bronze objects of Đông Sơn because the Oracle Bone Scripts were the final development of the Lạc Việt writing system.
Before 1900's, when the Asian Civilization was discussed, all European archeologists knew only the China and India. They looked down on other countries in Asia.
Madelaine Colani was a French famous archeologist who have digged many grottes in the North of Vietnam.
She found many artifacts which were different from those of other cultures in the world.
She proposed the Culture of Hòa Bình. The whole world accepted her proposition.
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In 1923, while she was digging a grotte in the region of Hòa Bình Culture, she discovered near the mountain Lam Gan two small pottery disks with the inscription of two "Chinese" words "Sĩ" and "Thượng" on them.
Ivory Chess Piece, Rook or Container; 11th-12th c; Iran, possibly Saqqizabad. A rook (/rʊk/; ♖,♜) is a piece in the strategy board game of chess. Formerly the piece (from Persian رخ rokh/rukh) was called the tower, marquess, rector, and comes (Sunnucks 1970); the term castle is considered informal, incorrect, or old-fashioned. Each player starts the game with two rooks, one on each of the corner squares on their own side of the board. The white rooks start on squares a1 and h1, while the black rooks start on a8 and h8; the rook moves horizontally or vertically, through any number of unoccupied squares (see diagram). As with captures by other pieces, the rook captures by occupying the square on which the enemy piece sits; the rook also participates, with the king, in a special move called castling. The white rook can move to any square marked with a white dot. The black rook can move to squares with a black dot, or it can capture the white pawn on e7. https://wikivisually.com/wiki/Rook_(chess)
But the two small pottery disks dated back to 8.000 BC. At that period of time (8000 BC), the Chinese did not have the writing system yet.
They did not have their presence in Asia yet.
Sardines deliver more calcium per serving than virtually any other food, largely because they’re full of soft, edible bones. A 3-ounce serving of oil-packed Atlantic sardines – or approximately seven whole fish, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture – provides about 175 calories and just over 320 milligrams of calcium. This amount is equivalent to 32 percent of the recommended daily value, which means that Atlantic sardines are more than a good source of calcium – they’re an excellent source. The larger Pacific variety is also high in calcium. You’ll get about 175 calories and 23 percent of the daily value for calcium from a 3-ounce serving, or approximately 2 1/2 whole fish. Your body contains more calcium than any other mineral. While it’s mostly used to build strong bones and teeth, calcium is also necessary for normal hormone, nerve and muscle function. Most adults should get about 1,000 milligrams of calcium a day. Women and men past the ages of 50 and 70 need slightly rising levels to minimize bone loss. When it comes to bone health, sardines are more than just an excellent source of calcium – they’re also rich in vitamin D, a nutrient that helps you absorb and use calcium. A 3-ounce serving of Atlantic or Pacific sardines delivers just over 40 percent of the daily value for vitamin D, according to the USDA. They may be small, but sardines are packed with nutrients. A 3-ounce serving of the Pacific variety provides 20 grams of protein, 12 percent of the daily value for iron and 9 percent each of the daily values for potassium and zinc. It also supplies about 140 percent of the daily value for vitamin B-12. Atlantic sardines are nutritionally similar. Like salmon, tuna and other fatty fish, sardines are rich in heart-healthy omega-3 fatty acids. These dietary fats reduce inflammation and are essential to normal brain function. Because omega-3’s are also thought to protect against heart disease, the American Heart Association recommends eating sardines or other kinds of fatty fish at least twice a week. https://www.livestrong.com/article/465925-are-sardines-a-good-source-of-calcium/
These two artifacts caused headache to researchers because the Chinese writing was officially recognized in 1300 BC.
The ancient chess pieces: shah, farzin, pil, asp, rukh and pujada.
When these two artifacts were unearthed, they did not have too much attention because of being considered as decorative devices.
But when they were re-examined later, they were recognized as representing two words Sĩ and Thượng on the Table of Shanghai Chinese Scripts. Therefore, these two characters should be the writing of the Hòa Bình people.
These two artifacts were the definite witnesses of the Chinese taking over of the Vietnamese writing system to make Chinese ones.
These two words Sĩ and Thượng supported the theory of Professor David Keightley (Berkely 1983) that : “The Chinese civilization did not come from the north of the river Wei as falsely thought. It came from the South of the Yangtze River.
The development of the Vietnamese people and other neighbor people showed the origin of culture and the way the earliest Chinese civilization was built up.
Archaeology, Anthropology and Languistics allowed to have the theory that a people in the South of China at the new stone age (Neolithic), who had an important role in the Cultural Center of Hòa Bình, migrated in the fifth millennium BC through Szechwan province to the river Wei to build the new stone age Chinese civilization (The Origin of the Chinese Civilization, Berkely 1983).
This hypothesis made us strongly believe that the Hòa Bình people had left their perfect writing system in the Yangshao Culture area.
VI-- The Characters On The Bronze Objects Of Đông Sơn :
In 1979, when Professor Hà Văn Tấn did a research on the artifacts of Đông Sơn unearthed by the Danemark archeologist O. Janse in Thanh Hóa actually sitting at the museum Guimet, Paris, he saw a bronze tool which archeologists used to call butterfly-shaped ploughshare special to the river Mã region, which have two symbols on both sides of the hole for the handle (Fig. 3, upper line).
The first symbol on the upper line was the character Tài (talent) and the second was the character Dĩ (usage).
In the tadpole-like pictogram Mộc (tree) , the upper semicircle turning upward was changed to a strait line. The lower semicircle turning downward was replaced by two strait line outward.
The middle strait line was kept unchanged. It was the Chinese pictogram Mộc (tree) modified by the Chinese from tadpole-like pictogram Việt.
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Among the bronze objects in the Museum of History (Hanoi), Professor Hà Văn Tấn, found a bronze “qua” (spear), an ancient weapon, discovered in the river Mã, Thanh Hóa, of which the handle was inscribed five symbols.
Professor Hà Văn Tấn asserted that the characters on the cultural ploughshare of Đông Sơn was certainly the writing of the ancient Vietnamese people.
The bronze spear was found both in the river Mã area in Vietnam and in the South of Yangtze River area.
He believed that this writing was that of the Lạc Việt people. In Hoàng Sa (Hồ Nam), a knife with the handle decorated with a man was found in a grave of a Sở people.
It was the product of Đông Sơn. He concluded that “The influence of Đông Sơn culture, which spread to the State of Sở by the river Nguyên and Tương, was clear”.
Now it could say that There was a writing system of the ancient Vietnamese at the time of Đông Sơn Civilization in the IV century BC, before the invasion of the Han, who dominated the ancient Vietnamese for more than one thousand years, and they were kicked out to the North in 898”.
The final conclusion was that the Oracle Bone Scripts were not invented by the Chinese but by the Bách Việt, who left their perfect scripts in the Yangshao Culture area when they migrated through that area.
In the process of taking over the tadpole-like writing of the Vietnamese people, King Chu Tuyên Vương (827 BC – 782 BC) ordered the high-ranking Mandarin Trửu to change the Vietnamese writing to the Greater Seal Scripts (14VN) in order to write the China’s history.
We have found the evidence of this transformation in many small pagoda’s in Yunan, China in 2010.
Chinese people from Beijing read 5a and 5b “Phỏ”. Chinese from Guangdong province read 5a and 5b “Phật” exactly like the Vietnamese who read them.
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The word 5b and 5c are identical except 5b is hand-written and 5c the printed ones. Chinese people from Beijing, Guangdong and Yunan recognized these words as ancient Chinese words.
The tadpole-like pictogram “Budda” consists of two vertical strait lines tied together in the upper ends. One of the two vertical strait lines was replaced by an oblique line over the remaining vertical strait line.
The rest of the pictogram was kept intact. This modification was seen in 28 pictograms among 1.000 model tadpole-like pictograms in the book “Research on the Chinese Writing and Chinese Vietnamese Languages 1989” (Nghiên cứu chữ Hán và tiếng Hán Việt 1989) of Professor Vũ Thế Ngọc.
The order of King Chu Tuyên Vương (827 BC – 782 BC) to change the tadpole-like writing to the Greater Seal Scripts was exposed here lively in the transformation of the tadpole-like pictogram “Budda” into the Greater Seal Script “Budda” .
Du Miên author of the book “Vietnam, the Source of Civilization in the Orient” wrote : “Yunan was the land in which the legend said Mother Âu Cơ led 50 children to the Mountain”. Chinese history book recorded Điền Việt (a group of Bách Việt) were living in Yunan.
Through the Historical Breach of China, we can anticipate that the Vietnamese writing, culture and language have been used throughout in ancient China. The evidence was :
1-All educated people before, contemporary and after Confucius knew the tadpole-like writing well.
2-All important books such as Kinh Thư, part of Emperor Shun, Xia Dynasty, Shang Dynasty, Zhou Dynasty with Tả Truyện, Luận Ngữ, Hiếu Kinh, etc… were written in tadpole-like writing.
3-Confucius went with his disciples to many states such as Sở, Lỗ, Việt, Ngô, Tề… to spread his thinking and asked to serve different Kings.
If the people in these states did not have the same writing, same culture and same language, how did Confucius spread his ideas and to whom? How could he serve different Kings at that time?
4-All educated people of that time in all States of China knew very well his philosophy and admired it. It was the evidence of the fact that these people had the same language, culture and writing.
In fact, the Wikipedia encyclopedia had the article “Chinese Scripts and Symbols” : “A major event in the history of Chinese scripts is the standardization of writing by the First Emperor of Qin who united China in 221 BC.
Before that time, each of the many states in China had their own style and peculiarities which mean that, although mutually comprehensible, the scripts had many deviations. The First Emperor introduced the Qin scripts as the official writing".
This article confirmed that all states in China had the same writing with some deviations peculiar to each state. Consequently, Shi Hoangdi of Qin did not destroy any languages at all.
He just ordered the King’s First Minister Lý Tư to unify these words, how to write them, explain and/or clarify the meaning of these deviations. He also recommended to use Nhã Ngữ (Vietnamese language) to unify the national language and writing of the whole China.
This article demonstrated definitely that the Vietnamese writing, culture and language were used universally throughout ancient China. In another words, the wine bottle was Chinese. But the wine inside the bottle was Vietnamese – that is – the writing, culture and language…were Vietnamese.
The discovery of the Lạc Viêt writing this time consolidated the same truth. The Society of Research on the Lạc Việt Culture advanced their determination that the discovery of their ancient scripts would re-write the China’s history of writing because the Lạc Việt culture was the most influencial ones in the ancient China.
In summary, in the process of taking over the Vietnamese writing system, Chinese started steps by steps the longlasting process for many thousand years as follow :
1-The Chinese under the Shang Dynasty began to falcify the tadpole-like pictogram Việt written with the “symbol rice” to produce pseudo-pictogram in the form of an axe.
They imposed it then on the people to force them to call it Việt. The purpose was they wanted to show that they too could invent pictograms on their own.
2-The falcification of the pictogram Việt was probably successful, so King Chu Tuyên Vương (827 BC – 782 BC) ordered the high-ranking Mandarin Trửu to change the tadpole-like writing into the Greater Seal Scripts for the writing of China’s history.
3-Confucius, who acknowledged that he did not invent any thing new but repeated the sages'thoughts ("I am a transmitter, not an originator", Jonathan Fenby, China's Imperial Dynasties 1600 BC - AD 1912 ), started to rewrite the most influential Vietnamese books such as King Thư, Tả Truyện, Luận Ngữ, Hiếu Kinh, etc…in order to impose on the people the ideas that it was Chinese philosophy not Vietnamese ones.
These books existed before Confucius. They were written by the Bách Việt Sages for their children. Confucius just repeated these ideas. The Chinese authorities indoctrinated the people that it was the philosophy of Confucius. Was it an usurpation by the Chinese?
4- The Zhou Dynasty changed Kinh Dịch into Zhou Dịch.
5-Shi Hoangdi of Qin ordered to burn all books written in tadpole-like writing and buried alive any one who wanted to save these books.
Shi Hoangdi knew that the rescue of old books was not a crime which deserved the penalty of burying alive people who did it. But Shi Hoangdi did it for a secrete and grave reason.
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Japanese Art Print "Leaping Carp" by Ohara Koson, woodblock.
6-All Chinese historians asserted that the ancestors of the people Tráng in China, who were the Lạc Việt, did not have the writing system.
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7-Ma Yuan was sent to the South to put down the uprising of Two Siters Trưng. He took with him the Việt Legal Code (“Bộ Việt Luật”) written in square pictograms after he succeeded to quell the rebellion of the Two Sisters Trưng.
He sent 300 Vietnamese noble families to the South area of the Yangtze River for re-education. He stayed behind to organize the extermination of the Vietnamese writing system.
Later, the Vietnamese people had to learn again these square pictograms from the beginning. This time these square pictograms were called Chinese writing.
VII- Conclusion:
The discovery of the Lạc Việt writing system in December 2011 was comparable to a very strong earthquate to the cultural background of China, which shook the false concept which the Chinese successfully built up for more than 3.000 years : The Chinese system of writing for 3.000 years was in fact that of the Vietnamese ones dating back to almost 15.000 BC.
The Chinese usurped the Vietnamese writing system by their invasion and domination of the Vietnamese people for more than 1,000 years.
Spotted Handfish
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It was like a tsunami which washed away into the ocean the dark smoke enveloping the true Vietnamese culture.
The Lạc Việt writing demonstrated that Việt Tuyệt thư was correct as described by Đổ Thành, a Chinese from Chaozhou, in his article “Bách Việt History : Layers of Dark Smoke on the History”(Bách Việt Sử: Những Lớp Bụi Mù Trên Lịch Sử).
He summarized : “Too many proofs and too much evidence that from Han Dynasty, Qin Shi Hoangdi, Spring and Autumn Period, Warring States Period, Zhou Dynasty, Shang Dynasty, Xia Dynasty, Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors Period in the past…, language and culture were... Vietnamese”.
Tens of thousands of fish jump on to boat to flee bigger fish trying to eat them.
The Vietnamese writing is the oldest writing system in the world dating back to almost 15.000 BC. The second oldest writing was the Sumerian scripts (Babylon in Iraque or Ancient Mesopotamia) dating back to 3100 BC. The Egyptian scripts followed soon after the Sumerian ones.
The Chinese writing (827 BC) has the origin in the Vietnamese writing (12.000 BC – 15.000 BC).
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We are now expecting the Academy of Science in Beijing to recognize the truth and make a fair statement “Chinese writing” or “Lạc Việt writing”.
We will be humble to honor what ever the Academy of Science of China decides to say with the philosophy of “History is History” everywhere in the world.
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In Europe, the Latins (later the Romans) usurped the Alphabet A, B, C... of the conquered Etruscan people to transcribe the Roman language.
http://diakhoi.blogspot.com/2012/05/discovery-of-lac-viet-writing-in.html?m=1
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Strength is the Major Arcana card that represents the Leo star sign so a relationship with a Leo may be on the cards if this appears.
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If you are single the Strength card is an indicator that now is a great time to meet someone as your confidence will be shining through.
It can also be an indicator of a relationship coming up with someone who has a bit of a wild side.
This can be an exciting prospect but if this person is too wild you may feel the need to tame them somewhat.
If you do want to tame them, coax them gently, don’t try to dominate them.
For those already in a relationship, Strength is generally a good indicator that you are a strong couple, close and united.
If your relationship has gone through a lot of emotional upheaval, this card suggest that you are starting to get back on top of it and that any problems you faced in the past have actually brought you closer together.
https://www.thetarotguide.com/strength
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