You could certainly take the imperial exam if you were a member of the scholar-gentry or a yeoman farmer.
If you were an artisan or a merchant, there were long periods where you were forbidden from taking the examination.
If you were an artisan or a merchant, there were long periods where you were forbidden from taking the examination.
Cultural relics from Shang Dynasty displayed at exhibition in China's Henan - Xinhua
If you were part of the jianmin (which included butchers, sex workers, boatmen, actors, musicians, and, at times, physicians, as well as legally restricted populations), you were forbidden from taking the examination.
There are also cases where the possibility of a violation of the name taboo led to being unable to take the exam.
The
imperial exam was a very long-lived institution and varied (at times
wildly) from era to era.
The “classical” period (i.e., the one most studied) tends to be the later dynasties of Ming and Qing, generally because those were the eras where the classical exam as we know it reached its “final” form and pushed a more stable form of state orthodoxy in the form of Neo-Confucianism. In general, though, you could take the imperial exams if you met a number of social qualifications.
The Silk Manuscripts from Zidanku, Changsha (Hunan) are the only pre-imperial Chinese manuscripts on silk found to date. Dating to the turn from the fourth to the third centuries BC (Late Warring States period), they contain several short texts concerning basic cosmological concepts in a diagrammatic arrangement and surrounded by pictorial illustrations. As such, they constitute a unique source of information complementing and going beyond what is known from transmitted texts. This is the first in a two-volume monograph on the Zidanku manuscripts, reflecting almost four decades of research by Professor Li Ling of Peking University. While the philological study and translation of the manuscript texts is the subject of Volume II, this first volume presents the archaeological context and history of transmission of the physical manuscripts. It records how they were taken from their original place of interment in the 1940s and taken to the United States in 1946; documents the early stages in the research on the finds from the Zidanku tomb and its reexcavation in the 1970s; and accounts for where the manuscripts were kept before becoming the property, respectively, of the Arthur M. Sackler Foundation, New York (Manuscript 1), and the Freer and Sackler Galleries, Smithsonian Institution (Manuscripts 2 and 3). Superseding previous efforts, this is the definitive account that will set the record straight and establish a new basis for future research on these uniquely important artifacts. https://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-chu-silk-manuscripts-from-zidanku-changsha-hunan-province/9789882370975
Traditional Chinese society was divided into four categories, ranked in terms of descending prestige: scholars, farmers, artisans, and merchants. It’s worth noting that the scholars were originally conceived to be aristocratic, landholding gentry—the earlier meanings of the Chinese term (士) come close to our word for “knight.”
In addition, the “farmer” class generally didn’t include serfs or landless agricultural laborers, but more along the lines of yeoman farmers. So, originally, these were originally landholders whose property tax receipts contributed most to revenues of the state. Artisans, meanwhile, were generally landless (or possessed very little of it.)
The “classical” period (i.e., the one most studied) tends to be the later dynasties of Ming and Qing, generally because those were the eras where the classical exam as we know it reached its “final” form and pushed a more stable form of state orthodoxy in the form of Neo-Confucianism. In general, though, you could take the imperial exams if you met a number of social qualifications.
The Silk Manuscripts from Zidanku, Changsha (Hunan) are the only pre-imperial Chinese manuscripts on silk found to date. Dating to the turn from the fourth to the third centuries BC (Late Warring States period), they contain several short texts concerning basic cosmological concepts in a diagrammatic arrangement and surrounded by pictorial illustrations. As such, they constitute a unique source of information complementing and going beyond what is known from transmitted texts. This is the first in a two-volume monograph on the Zidanku manuscripts, reflecting almost four decades of research by Professor Li Ling of Peking University. While the philological study and translation of the manuscript texts is the subject of Volume II, this first volume presents the archaeological context and history of transmission of the physical manuscripts. It records how they were taken from their original place of interment in the 1940s and taken to the United States in 1946; documents the early stages in the research on the finds from the Zidanku tomb and its reexcavation in the 1970s; and accounts for where the manuscripts were kept before becoming the property, respectively, of the Arthur M. Sackler Foundation, New York (Manuscript 1), and the Freer and Sackler Galleries, Smithsonian Institution (Manuscripts 2 and 3). Superseding previous efforts, this is the definitive account that will set the record straight and establish a new basis for future research on these uniquely important artifacts. https://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-chu-silk-manuscripts-from-zidanku-changsha-hunan-province/9789882370975
Traditional Chinese society was divided into four categories, ranked in terms of descending prestige: scholars, farmers, artisans, and merchants. It’s worth noting that the scholars were originally conceived to be aristocratic, landholding gentry—the earlier meanings of the Chinese term (士) come close to our word for “knight.”
In addition, the “farmer” class generally didn’t include serfs or landless agricultural laborers, but more along the lines of yeoman farmers. So, originally, these were originally landholders whose property tax receipts contributed most to revenues of the state. Artisans, meanwhile, were generally landless (or possessed very little of it.)
Merchants, on the other hand, were seen as the lowest of the four classes, and were traditionally seen as parasitic—the scholars led the people, the farmers produced the food, the artisans produced goods, but the merchants just bought and sold things for profit that other people had made.
Meanwhile, seasonal agricultural laborers and what we might calls serfs were held to be part of the jianmin, the unnamed lowest social strata somewhat on par with Indian untouchables or the Japanese burakumin. More on that in a minute. It’s no mistake, then, that from the Sui to the Song, you were only allowed to take the exam if you were of the scholarly or yeoman farmer class.
If you were an artisan or a merchant, you were generally unwelcome to take the exam an enter into government. You were also forbidden to take the exam if you were jianmin. Jianmin is a very broad class, largely bound together through a shared societal shunning.
It included people in unsavory businesses (sex work, boatmen, butchers, slaves, or entertainers, including actors and musicians), or you were part of an ethnic community that was legally disadvantaged. The jianmin were subject to a number of other legal restrictions, as well, including being forbidden to marry outside of the jianmin—in essence, the jianmin class was broadly hereditary.
This, of course, differed by dynasty—by the Ming and the Qing, both artisans and merchants were allowed to take the exam, but the restrictions against the jianmin were still in place.
...
There were other restrictions, as well. If your name potentially invoked a taboo, you would be refused an examination—the poet Li He was forbidden to take the upper-level jinshi exam because his father’s name included the character 晉 (jin), which was a homophone of the jin in jinshi.
The argument was that, if Li He passed, he would be granted a title in homophone to his father which would be unfilial. Presumably, if your name violated any of the other taboos, you would also be refused.
So, after all of this, who was eligible for the examinations?
If you were of the scholarly or yeoman farmer class, you were allowed to take the examination.
If you were an artisan or a merchant, you were only allowed to take the exam from the Ming onward. If you were none of those and a jianmin, you were never allowed to take the exam.
If your name violated a taboo (or potentially could), you could be refused an examination.
That said, as other answers note, there’s a difference between being legally able to take the examination and having much of a chance of passing it.
Taking the examination demanded that a student effectively memorize the so-called four books and five classics.
Here, the “four books” were the Analects, the Mencius, the Great Learning (大學) and the Doctrine of the Mean.
The five classics, meanwhile, were the Classic of History (書經), the Classic of Poetry (詩經), the Yijing (易經), the Classic of Rites (禮經), and the Spring and Autumn Annals (春秋).
Memorizing the Spring and Autumn Annals effectively meant memorizing its most famous commentary, the Zuo Zhuan (左轉), which was basically another work in itself.
I can’t recall the precise number right now, since I don’t have the book with me, but I believe the total characters that had to be memorized were somewhere in the range of half a million, with the lion’s share coming from the Zuo Zhuan.
In addition, you had to, in practice, memorize the approved commentaries on the Four Books—in later periods, Zhu Xi’s Neo-Confucian commentaries.
So you wouldn’t just memorize the works themselves, but the relevant exegesis related to those works.
You would also have to be very familiar with their philosophical positions.
That was just the basic, baseline amount of work you had to do.
In practice, you also had to memorize a wide corpus of poetry (since you would be tested on poetry composition), as well as a body of literary models whose style was seen as “proper” and could be adopted for your own.
Scholars also intensely studied literary collections, such as the Wenxuan, which was a belletristic compendium from the Han era.
In addition to that, you had to assiduously practice your handwriting (poor handwriting was grounds for failure, especially if the copyist couldn’t read it), memorize the relevant rhyme lists and poetic rules, practice writing your essays in accepted forms (which could be extremely constraining and complicated), and practice doing so under time constraint.
One misplaced character could mean failure, one miswritten character could mean rejection.
There was also the need to become fairly capable in the dialect of the capital, which served as the governmental lingua franca.
Though not directly tested, showing up at the capital and speaking in a local dialect or accent was heavily frowned upon and could effectively end your chances of a political career.
All of this was a massive investment and, practically speaking, meant that you had to hire a teacher, usually a member of the local scholar-gentry who hadn’t passed the exams himself but was fairly familiar with them. So, in addition to time, it also usually cost a pretty penny.
Some towns and cities chipped in together to hire teachers, operating under the assumption that successful students would benefit the town if they achieved official rank.
This was the case in the major port city and commercial center of Quanzhou during the Song—the town had an absolutely dominating number of successful scholars during the period of the Southern Song, including a good portion of the dynasty’s prime ministers, largely because wealthy merchants who couldn’t take the exams (and whose sons were likewise forbidden) shelled out tons of money to make sure talented students from their city could study and pass the examinations and, in turn, lobby on behalf of their benefactors for favorable economic policies.
Think of it as something like the Chinese imperial equivalent of, say, the “Nike Scholar’s Fund,” but with a more explicit quid pro quo.
But on top of all of that, even taking the exams was arduous and beyond the financial abilities of most people.
First, you had to pass the introductory examination in your county. That would qualify you as a 秀才, literally a “refined talent,” which was sort of the basic licentiate position.
That required you to go to wherever the exam was being held (usually the county seat) for probably somewhere around a week, including travel time—that meant a week you couldn’t be on the farm (or wherever).
If you failed here, you could retake it, but beyond a certain point you’d be getting a pretty heavy Billy Madison vibe.
On the other hand, if you passed, you got some legal benefits, such as exemption from the imperial labor service (the corvee).
On the other hand, if you did super well—like, top in the nation—you could be given an annual stipend by the government and sent to study in the Imperial University.
If you’ve made it here, you’re set.
Then, you had to study for the triennial provincial exam.
If you failed it, you could retake it—in three years’ time.
Depending on when you got your xiucai, the provincial exam could be next year or it could be three years hence, so you might be more or less screwed by the timing.
In any case, when that exam came about, you had to travel all the way to the provincial capital, find lodgings for a suitable period of time, take the examination, and await the results.
That’s more time you can’t be working with the family.
If you just can’t get past this level, basically you had failed and had to find employment as either a member of the scholar-gentry or as a teacher.
If your family was poor, often you only had one real shot at taking it—if you failed, you were done, and these exams often had single-digit (as low as 1%) pass rates.
Keep in mind that you’re not getting any compensation for doing this and that these exams are held in August, which, depending on where you were, could be the beginning of harvest season.
In addition to that, pressure was intense—a failure to pass the exams after everything your family and town had invested in you could (and did) lead to mental breakdowns, suicide, and other unsavory things. Hong Xiuquan of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom fame ended up snapping after repeated failures.
But, if you succeeded in the provincial exam, you were a juren, a “recommended man,” and were eligible for government employment and a salary (and bribes).
Beyond this point, you were fairly successful already and basically went on to take the national exam and the palace exam (which was basically a “gimme”) and could more or less finance it on your own dime.
But still—your family had to shell out money for a teacher (or send you to school), accept the idea that you basically couldn’t work in the fields because you were studying, then you had to pay for travel costs to the county seat or provincial capital, get lodging for at least a few nights before the exam.
If you come from a humble farming family, that’s a hell of a lot of expense—even if they’re supportive of getting an education, all of that might just be out of their price range.
Of course, that didn’t mean it was impossible.
Chinese literature and history loved talking about scholars who had risen up from being poor farm boys to ministers—it was the Chinese equivalent of the “Lincoln grew up in a log cabin” story.
So, after all of that, could commoners take the imperial exam?
Only 1 out of 1300 species of bat is able to run along the ground.
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If you were from the scholar class or the yeoman farmer class, then yes, you faced little to no official restriction on taking the examinations barring being on the wrong side of a periodic quota. If you were part of the artisan or merchant class, there were long periods where you were forbidden from sitting it.
In addition, if you were part of the miscellaneous jianmin caste, you also couldn’t take it.
Practically speaking, while the exam was open to you as a poor farmer, you had little real hope of passing unless you were just blazingly smart.
Your family had to make substantial sacrifices to get you the education, books, and training you needed to have even a passing hope of doing well in a system that generally only had single-digit pass rates from exam to exam.
So while you could take the exam, the costs of doing so with any hope of success tended to be prohibitive.
https://www.quora.com/Could-Chinese-commoners-take-the-imperial-exam
Chakra points and vortexes/vortices reflect the full spectrum of possibilities for humans to align and expand. They represent the collective, “higher self” frequencies of your microcosmic body and energetic field. You will be attracted to certain locations to pick up and merge with the specific vibrations presently needed for your growth and evolution.
The frequencies of these locations live within you, even if you are on the other side of the planet! Tune into them, meditate with them, study them and gaze at picture of these places and you can connect. If you are feeling incredibly called to physically visit, all the better, GO!!!
Earth chakra points are where energy spirals and flows down like a faucet. The general essence of the Earth’s chakra points are to magnify the energy correlated to the body’s chakras. When you immerse yourself in these energy fields you will find that your own physical electromagnetic field will become aligned with the frequency of the chakra point you are in.
Chakra points pour, radiate and give off energy by tapping into a variety of dimensional planes. They balance and regulate the electromagnetheric field of Earth to stabilize our planet’s energy. They connect with Earth’s vortices, working together as an energetic, crystalline grid around our planet.
Chakra points are often Volcanoes or other Earth active areas, due to the rich crystal deposits, electromagnetic volcanic material and increased ormus from Inner Earth.
Everyone will have their own experiences, and receive particular frequencies and downloads designed for you. These places will bubble up any energies or beliefs that are out of alignment with your natural self so that you can integrate them and become more of your true essence. You may have the most positive and connective experience of your life or the most painful.
As the locals say in Sedona, whatever energy you bring to the vortex (or chakra point) will be magnified. Chakra points are more lucid and dreaming whereas vortices are clarifying amplifiers. All of Earth’s chakra points and vortices are connected in an energy grid around the planet.
When you are at one energy point you will likely feel other energy points through the wormhole-like dimensional gates, such as feeling Mt. Fuji in Mt. Shasta. The following descriptions are brief energetic overviews of the Earth’s chakra points that I have lived and visited, and the general energies I researched and downloaded.
Mount Shasta is the locational access point to “All That Is” and connection with your higher self. It is a place where you are bathed in knowingness and powerfully nurtured by divine support. The “I AM” presence. It delivers the realization and frequency of oneness and your connection to everything.
Many know Mt. Shasta as the root chakra. It is a very grounded place being atop the volcano. One of the reasons for this labeling could be the 8th chakra energy that streams through here. The 8th chakra is where the root and crown chakra meet, the place of heaven and Earth.
It is often associated with the “The Violet Flame” or Saint Germain, the purifying violet energy which transmutes denser energies and reignites the flame of your divine purpose. The symbol and energy are also represented in Shasta’s energy of being the meeting place of the high council, the place where humans step into their roles as ascended masters and physicalize Christ Consciousness on Earth.
Mount Shasta is in the geographic region that was once, and always is because everything is now, “ancient” Lemuria. It is a dimensional gate to the Lemurian civilization, reminding us of how we can live in harmony on Earth. Mount Shasta co-creates an energetic Vesica Pisces with the Sedona Vortex.
Mt. Kailas opens visitors’ spiritual eyes to see their true mystical nature. It is a pilgrimage site for at least 4 religions; Hindus, Buddhists, Jains and Tibetans who perambulate clockwise around the mountain spiraling the direction of the chakra’s energy. Buddhists call it ‘the precious jewel snow peak’ and its inner radiance and dreamy nature allow insight, contemplation and the ability to gaze into other dimensions.
Glastonbury will eventually be the “Communication Headquarters” for Europe in the new 5th dimensional network of communities. It currently acts as a world communication outlet expressed through the crop circles, just over an hour away in Wiltshire. The crop circles act as humanity’s collective communication symbols as they receive messages from other extraterrestrial intelligences and dimensions.
Glastonbury is the location of the legendary Avalon of mystical Merlin and the story of King Arthur. It was also the territory of the Druid peoples, thus connecting us with our inner magic, alchemy and connection to nature.
The Haleakalā volcano on Maui matches the Schumann Resonance at 7.8 cycles per second, the same resonance of our hearts and the natural state of Earth. Maui’s energy is incredibly feminine and abundant.
There is a heavenly comfort radiating from the heart chakra and a visceral experience of being taken care of. The whole of the Hawaiian Islands radiant the frequency of the heart and each have distinct energies that represent the separate chakras.
The Big Island, for instance, is incredibly rooted bridget leading tour in hawaiiwith the deep active volcano energy from Pelé. Some associate Maui with the sacral chakra within the microcosmic chakra system of the islands.
Like Mt. Shasta, the Hawaiian Islands are the geographic location of ancient Lemuria. The Lemurian 5th dimensional energy is linked with the heart’s frequency enabling Lemurian love and “memories” to flow forth when you are there.
The greatest power requires the lightest touch. This is the place that represents a very different reflection of power than we haven’t been used to on Earth. The energy it exudes is the true empowerment of your infinite nature. The Eastern Zen energy of simplicity and meditative insight radiates at Mt. Fuji.
Lake Titicaca radiates the essence of the mother archetype, the abundant “momma”. All power points have both masculine and feminine energies, and Titicaca is dominantly feminine. Being the sacral chakra, it is the energy of the womb of your inner creator.
New ideas, creativity and a balance of sexual energy spring forth here. With the ancient city of Tiwanaku on the lake, this has been a sacred gateway for millennia. Tiwanaku RuinsTo explore more about Lake Titicaca’s energy I recommend James Tyberonn’s findings.
Tiahuanaco (Tiwanaku) is an ancient sacred site twelve miles from the coast of the sacred Lake of Titicaca in Bolivia. It is to South America what the Avebury stone ring is to England or the Great Pyramid is to Egypt. It is also part of the Chakra energy.
Root Chakra ~ Uluru/Ayers Rock, Australia: Ulura/Ayers Rock is believed by the native Aboriginals to be the beginning place where their ancestors were born into this realm… where life began. It emanates the root of where we come from as humans, and our connection to all humanity and beyond. Out of the void, in the middle of the vast Australian desert, emerges the huge electro-magnetic rock where life originated.
Earth’s vortexes or vortices are points where energy spirals and flows up and out. The general essence of vortices is that of intensity. Whatever energy you bring when you visit these places will be amplified. They are crystalline dimensional gates that are vibrationally tuned to a multitude of realities.
Vortices allow you to become any frequency along the full spectrum of harmonic light. Vortices link you to the stage of energy that most aligns with your present state of being. They connect with Earth’s chakra points, working together as an energetic grid around the planet.
Sedona* is the highest frequency location in the Western Hemisphere, according to Bashar. It is one of the strongest gateways and doorways of interdimensional connection that assists in balancing the energy grid of the entire planet. It is the 33rd Bridget leading retreat in Sedona vortexparallel vibrating at thirty-three cycles per second.
As it runs into other chakra points and vortices, creating new crests and troughs, the vibration diminishes to ten cycles per second. I’m leading an amazing retreat on “Living Your Excitement” in Sedona September 31st-October 4th.
During the retreat we’ll visit some of the major energy spots, within the Sedona Vortex! Cairo, Egypt* has an incredible history enabling humanity to see the full spectrum of what is possible to be expressed in a vortex. It is a place of captivity and war in the Bible, and a place of incredible technology, at times with extraterrestrial assistance.
Its polarity of intensity swings back and forth from the godly power of the Pharaohs to the aligning of Earth’s energy grid to spread consciousness to the people. Egypt has an incredible power to exaggerate whatever the dominant energy is, revealing truth or control.
The Bermuda Triangle* is the major shifting vortex on our entire planet. It is a major gateway and acts as a fluctuating chakra and vortex simultaneously. It is intimately connected and overlaps with the Vesica Pisces created by Mt. Shasta and Sedona, intertwining many dimensions of reality.
Because it is a doorway to different Swim with bridget in bimini with dolphinsdimensions, civilizations and various vibrational states, often times individuals, ships or aircraft have gone missing from Earth into other dimensions.
The island of Bimini is a powerful minor vortex, within the Bermuda Triable, and a intersection point of many ley lines. Being the seat of old Atlantis, it holds many codesand memories of that time within the surrounding underwater ruins, and in the sulfur spring on the island.
https://www.harmoniousearth.org/earth-chakras-and-vortexs/
The twin fairies mountain in Hà Giang province - Núi đôi Cô Tiên (twin fairies mountain)- tuyệt tác thiên nhiên dành tặng riêng cho Hà Giang. Đến đây du khách không chỉ được ngắm nhìn vẻ đẹp khác lạ của núi đôi mà còn được nghe về sự tích xa xưa cảm động của nơi này.
Hà Giang is a province in northern Vietnam, bordering China. It's known for its forested limestone and granite mountains. The laid-back provincial capital, also called Hà Giang, sits on the Lô river. North of the capital, the Quản Bạ Valley has green hills and caves, and is the location of the Quản Bạ pass, also known as Heaven's Gate for its panoramic views over terraced rice fields below.
Được xem là “biểu tượng linh thiêng” của Nhật Bản, núi Phú Sĩ khiến du khách “yêu từ cái nhìn đầu tiên” với khung cảnh thiên nhiên tuyệt đẹp và thơ mộng. Nếu bạn đọc đang phân vân không biết chọn điểm đến nào sắp tới cho tour quốc tế của mình, thì hãy thử cùng Tugo tham quan và chiêm ngưỡng ngọn núi hùng vĩ này của đất nước Nhật Bản nhé!.
Núi Phú Sĩ Nhật Bản (Fujisan 富士山) nằm trên đảo cao nhất Nhật Bản, Honshu, có độ cao 3,776.24 m (12.389 ft). Nơi đây thu hút khách du lịch với vẻ đẹp lãng mạn, cuốn hút bởi thiên nhiên hoang sơ, huyền bí với nhiều truyền thuyết bí ẩn về ngọn núi này. Do đó, khi đến đây, du khách sẽ có cơ hội khám phá nhiều điều mới lạ và độc đáo.
Ngày nay, việc leo núi Phú Sĩ đã dễ dàng hơn rất nhiều. Đoạn đường từ chân núi lên tới đỉnh được chia thành 10 trạm, bạn có thể đi xe hoặc tàu tới trạm thứ 5 sau đó tiếp tục chuyến hành trình bằng leo bộ. Các chuyến du lịch đơn thuần cũng sẽ chỉ tham quan tới đây.
Nếu bạn muốn vừa leo núi vừa ngắm nhìn thắng cảnh hùng vĩ của ngọn núi này, thì cuộc hành trình của bạn, từ trạm 5, chỉ vừa mới bắt đầu.
Nhiệt độ ở núi Phú Sĩ cũng thay đổi theo tầng. Càng lên cao, nhiệt độ càng giảm, sương mù càng dày đặc, bạn sẽ cảm thấy rất lạnh nếu có gió, còn có thể gặp mưa. Thời tiết rất khắc nghiệt, nếu không có sức khỏe tốt, bạn có thể phải bỏ cuộc giữa chừng.
Trên mỗi trạm có nhà vệ sinh, tuy nhiên, phí mỗi lần đi vệ sinh ở trên núi khá đắt khoảng 300 yên tương đương với 60.000 VNĐ. Thế nhưng, nhà vệ sinh ở trên núi lại không được sạch do khan hiếm nguồn nước.
Hành trình leo núi vất vả khổ cực là thế, nhưng khi lên đến đỉnh núi, du khách có thể vô cùng tự hào lẫn trầm trồ vì cảnh quang vô cùng hùng vĩ xung quanh nóc nhà Châu Á này nhìn từ độ cao 3776m.
Nếu bạn không có cơ hội được leo núi thì cũng đừng vội buồn, vì bạn có thể đến Trạm Fuji Subaru Line 5th, nổi tiếng nhất trong các trạm 5, để chiêm ngưỡng cận cảnh núi. Trạm Fuji Subaru Line 5th rất ít khi đóng cửa, do đó, bạn có thể dễ dàng đến đây theo đường tàu trực tiếp từ Tokyo. Đứng từ trạm 5 Fuji Subaru, bạn chỉ cần ngước mắt lên là có thể thấy đỉnh núi phủ tuyết hoặc ngắm toàn cảnh vũng Ngũ Hồ Phú Sĩ trải dài trong tầm mắt.
Nếu cho rằng việc leo núi, chiêm ngưỡng cảnh quang quanh núi Phú Sĩ không phù hợp với mình, bạn cũng có thể chọn một chuyến nghỉ dưỡng với những địa điểm vô cùng xinh đẹp xung quanh nóc nhà châu Á này. Tugo tin chắc rằng, tour nhật cao cấp của bạn sẽ thiếu mất phần gia vị quan trọng nếu bạn không đặt chân đến những địa điểm này.
https://www.tugo.com.vn/trai-nghiem-ve-dep-bon-mua-doc-nhat-cua-nui-phu-si-nhat-ban/
Saturday in Las Vegas, Lyoto "The Dragon" Machida will call upon generations of martial arts wisdom and practice as he attempts to defeat Rashad Evans and claim the UFC light heavyweight title.
The 30-year-old Brazilian, undefeated in 14 professional mixed martial arts contests, won't need to look further than his corner for inspiration. Standing there, as he has every step of the way in a life rooted in the Samurai mindset and principles of Shotokan karate, will be Lyoto's 63-year-old Japanese father and martial arts master Yoshizo Machida.
Speaking on the eve of the most important fight of his son's impressive career, the Machida family patriarch shared his philosophies on martial arts as well as his strong belief in family and son, whose karate-influenced style has made him one of the most unique -- and criticized -- fighters in MMA today.
SI.com: What is your approach when Lyoto fights? Are you thinking emotionally as a father, or are you there as part of the team, part of the corner, someone's who's there to help prepare Lyoto to win?
Yoshizo Machida: The moment when I start talking about and thinking about fighting, at that point it's not a father-and-son relationship. It's a master-and-student relationship.
SI.com: Was it difficult to separate the emotional aspect of it?
Machida: The way I was raised in Japan, my parents brought me up with a Samurai style. When I went to Brazil at the age of 22 all by myself, and I eventually had children it was an easy transition because of the teachings my parents raised me with.
SI.com: Can you explain the Samurai lifestyle, and how it's applicable to Lyoto's life and fighting career?
Machida: One of the greatest things about the Samurai lifestyle is humbleness and mannerisms and education on how to treat people. Every time Lyoto competes and gets another victory, he should leave the ring or the Octagon being more humble than when he walked in. The minute you stop being humble is the minute you're going to stop moving forward as a fighter and a person. You're going to become stagnant at that point.
SI.com: Lyoto has also mentioned how tough you were on him and his brothers growing up.
Machida: In the days of the Samurai, the way they used to treat their children is the first 10 years of their lives, it was a father's responsibility to determine and sink in their habits. So I was very strict with my kids the first 10 years of their lives.
After 10 years, not that I wasn't strict, but I laid down that foundation. After 10 years old, you start becoming smarter, you read things, you talk to your friends. The first 10 years of life it's almost like a clean canvas, so I was very rigid and instilled the morals that are going to carry him on the rest of his life.
Everything that I've ever told my kids to do and all the discipline I've ever done, I've always done myself. I'm not the type of father who just tells his kids to do something without doing it first and showing by example.
SI.com: Did you envision Lyoto becoming a professional fighter?
Machida: In the beginning, I was totally against Lyoto becoming a fighter, simply because there weren't very many rules for MMA and I thought it was a violent sport where the referee would never stop a fight even if someone was in danger. But as the sport evolved and as they started putting rules in, I agreed more with how the refs were working. At that point in time, it wasn't what I wanted or didn't want. I saw it was something my son really wanted to do. Once they started applying all the rules, regulations and sanctioning, then I felt much more comfortable with it.
SI.com: Do you see any parallels between Lyoto representing your family's karate and Royce Gracie representing his family's martial arts style?
Machida: There are a lot of similarities, especially the way that Helio Gracie and the Gracie family learned from the Japanese and instilled those same morals. My family is a very tight knit similar to the Gracies. There are similarities the way the families prepared the fighters.
SI.com: It seems Lyoto has made changes to apply the karate you taught him to work for MMA. Did it take time to get comfortable with the idea of adapting karate to be useful for mixed martial arts?
Machida: Lyoto's base is karate. That is where his foundation is, and that's pretty obvious. But in mixed martial arts you can't just be focused on one art. Judo, jiu-jitsu, boxing, Muay Thai, karate -- all these martial arts have one thing in common.
The spirit of the martial art is the same. However, a lot of time instructors focus on technique and strength, but they don't focus on the mind and spiritual side of it. I like to incorporate everything, because a lot of it is spiritual and mental when you're going in the ring. How do you control yourself?
A lot of times the fighter enters the ring nervous, not knowing what his opponent is thinking. With family being around to offer support and love, that can make him feel a lot more relaxed.
SI.com: How did you teach the mental aspects of martial arts and competition to Lyoto?
Machida: The first thing I taught him was his breathing. The way you breathe is very important. Once you get breathing patterns and the breathing process down, then you have to have your posture. And then the third thing is imagination, focusing and visualizing.
http://hotsta.net/vilah.daseoc
Visualizing is very important part of how you're going to win the fight; when you're going to win the fight; what moves you're going to do to win the fight. And visualizing raising your hand. Basically, visualizing the entire process, from beginning to end. Blocking everything else out of your mind. A lot of people don't prepare the mental state of their body. So many people are focused on the technical aspect and strength aspect, and they don't work on the mental aspects.
SI.com: His style has drawn some criticisms. Do you have a response for critics who call Lyoto boring?
Machida: Criticism is always there. And I always sit back and look at peoples' criticism. I look at it like a sport. They say something, and I say well they have a point. I put a point in their column. And I'll sit there sometimes and disagree and put a point in my side.
Really, at the end of the day, I come from a background of martial arts. I always taught my children that in the Samurai days, if you were to get touched it would have been with a sword or a blade and you would have died. So the whole thing is to eliminate getting touched and that's what I've always instilled in my sons. Let's not pretend it's a punch. Let's pretend it's a sword. If you would have been hit by the sword, you'd be dead. That's how I trained him.
SI.com: Didn't you say prior to Lyoto's fight with Thiago Silva that your son needed to be more aggressive. Why did you feel that was necessary?
Machida: I felt at times Lyoto was such a defensive fighter that he didn't really want to hurt his opponents. He just wanted to win. I had to explain to him, even though you're trying to be a defensive fighter, you have to be more aggressive because you need to prove to the world that our art works. That's what he did. A lot of people that are in the game and fighters and professionals understand Lyoto's game. It will take some time for fans to catch on, but I think that's happening.
SI.com: What is your assessment ofRashad Evans, and what kind of fight do you expect Saturday?
Machida: From what I can tell, Rashad Evans is a compete fighter, a technical athlete. He's very fast. Very strong. I respect him very much. What I can't see is how strong he is mentally or spiritually. So, with that being said, that is where Lyoto is going to go after Rashad. He will attack his spirit. I respect Rashad Evans a lot. Lyoto has to be very careful when he's inside the Octagon with Rashad, because he's a dangerous fighter.
https://www.si.com/more-sports/2009/05/22/machida-dad
Extinct for nearly 66 million years, dinosaurs were among the most unique creatures to ever walk the earth; there are truly no animals today that share much resemblance to dinosaurs, except for birds, which are often considered by scientists to be a classification of dinosaurs.
http://hotsta.net/vilah.daseoc
Having ruled the earth for a period of nearly 150 million years, paleontologists have uncovered a number of really strange and weird facts about dinosaurs. From having absurdly large teeth to having a literally very questionable mating practice, here are our top ten really weird facts about dinosaurs.
Vegans, whiny organic-food bloggers, outspoken plant lovers, and just about everyone who shops at Whole Foods Market: pack up your bags and just give up. Really, just do it right now. Dinosaurs already beat you to the punchline: they loved the earth and wanted to let other life live more than we humans do.
They were ethical, respectful of moving flesh, as the majority of dinosaurs were indeed vegetarians. That doesn’t mean there weren’t meat eaters; we all know the voracious appetite of the velociraptor and T-Rex, thanks to Jurassic Park. Basically, if a dinosaur stood on all four feet, it was a vegetarian, and if it stood on two feet, it was a carnivore.
Extinct for nearly 66 million years, dinosaurs were among the most unique creatures to ever walk the earth; there are truly no animals today that share much resemblance to dinosaurs, except for birds, which are often considered by scientists to be a classification of dinosaurs.
Having ruled the earth for a period of nearly 150 million years, paleontologists have uncovered a number of really strange and weird facts about dinosaurs. From having absurdly large teeth to having a literally very questionable mating practice, here are our top ten really weird facts about dinosaurs.
Vegans, whiny organic-food bloggers, outspoken plant lovers, and just about everyone who shops at Whole Foods Market: pack up your bags and just give up. Really, just do it right now. Dinosaurs already beat you to the punchline: they loved the earth and wanted to let other life live more than we humans do.
They were ethical, respectful of moving flesh, as the majority of dinosaurs were indeed vegetarians. That doesn’t mean there weren’t meat eaters; we all know the voracious appetite of the velociraptor and T-Rex, thanks to Jurassic Park. Basically, if a dinosaur stood on all four feet, it was a vegetarian, and if it stood on two feet, it was a carnivore.
Stegosauruses had an extremely low brain to body mass. Their brain weighed approximately three ounces, was the size of about two dense walnuts, and their body mass was approximately 5 tons, which is heavier than most cars on the road today.
Can you imagine if your car’s engine were the size of a walnut? Can you imagine if your brain had the same overall ratio to your body mass…your brain would be far less than the size of a split pea! This explains why stegosauruses likely had limited mobility and likely little brain capacity.
Extinct for nearly 66 million years, dinosaurs were among the most unique creatures to ever walk the earth; there are truly no animals today that share much resemblance to dinosaurs, except for birds, which are often considered by scientists to be a classification of dinosaurs.
Having ruled the earth for a period of nearly 150 million years, paleontologists have uncovered a number of really strange and weird facts about dinosaurs. From having absurdly large teeth to having a literally very questionable mating practice, here are our top ten really weird facts about dinosaurs.
Vegans, whiny organic-food bloggers, outspoken plant lovers, and just about everyone who shops at Whole Foods Market: pack up your bags and just give up.
Really, just do it right now. Dinosaurs already beat you to the punchline: they loved the earth and wanted to let other life live more than we humans do. They were ethical, respectful of moving flesh, as the majority of dinosaurs were indeed vegetarians.
That doesn’t mean there weren’t meat eaters; we all know the voracious appetite of the velociraptor and T-Rex, thanks to Jurassic Park. Basically, if a dinosaur stood on all four feet, it was a vegetarian, and if it stood on two feet, it was a carnivore.
Stegosauruses had an extremely low brain to body mass. Their brain weighed approximately three ounces, was the size of about two dense walnuts, and their body mass was approximately 5 tons, which is heavier than most cars on the road today.
Can you imagine if your car’s engine were the size of a walnut? Can you imagine if your brain had the same overall ratio to your body mass…your brain would be far less than the size of a split pea! This explains why stegosauruses likely had limited mobility and likely little brain capacity.
So you are driving in traffic, and all of the sudden, you see a Dromiceiomimus running towards your car really fast. You say to yourself “NBD, I’ll just drive faster.” So you hit the acceleration, take the car to 30 miles per hour, and that pesky Dromiceiomimus is catching up to you.
Eventually, you take the car to 40 miles per hour, only to see the predatory dinosaur version of Usain Bolt catching up to you. How frightening would it be if this creature still existed today, that our own vehicles would not able to outrun it in normal daytime traffic?
Does everyone remember Little Foot? You know, the cute little dinosaur whose mother passes away in the beginning of the classic Amblin Entertainment film The Land Before Time. I loved Little Foot while growing up, constantly watching his journey through hardships and prejudices.
And you know what, he would grow up to be one of the largest species of animals that ever existed. The Brachiosaurus weighed 80 tons, the size of 17 large elephants. Imagine if we had zoos and were able to put Brachiosauruses in zoos today – that would be an incredible sight.
In an attempt to figure out the origins of the iguanodon, an English obstetrician turned paleontologist named Gideon Mantell discovered, before anyone else in all of recorded human history, discovered the first dinosaur fossil.
Since then, an entire field dedicated to the uncovering of dinosaurs, ancient fossils, and Cretaceous era artifacts has come about, widely known throughout the world as paleontology. I guess this is one of those instances where an accident leads to a major discovery!
In our minds, we often think of dinosaurs as being scaly, lizard-like creatures that would have absolutely no place sporting a peacockish display of fabulous feathers. However, many dinosaurs were actually coated in feathers, which is directly contrary to how they are normally depicted in movies like Jurassic Park, which by the way is coming back for a fourth installment.
We often think of dinosaurs as being large, frightening creatures. But in reality, the majority of dinosaurs were the size of humans or much smaller. Imagine if dinosaurs still existed, roamed the streets alongside humans?
This was actually probably the case, as it has been theorized that the ancestors of early humans lived among the dinosaurs. When dinosaurs died out, ecological niches and opportunities for mammals came to fruition, and eventually humans rose out of the shadows.
Oh My God! Yeap, you read that right, T-Rex teeth were usually between 8”-12” long; about 50 to 60 of those brutal destroyers were readily equipped in every single T-Rex mouth. Now I remember why I was so frightened of T-Rex’s after watching Jurassic Park as a young child; I’m kind of super ultra glad that they are extinct now!
Is it as simple as a mommy and daddy dinosaur coming together because they were in love? Probably not. But that theorem is just as good as any other that scientists have presented, as there is nothing even close to a general consensus on how dinosaurs mated.
We have no idea how the process of reproduction between dinosaurs occurred, and the debate on how two dinosaurs made a baby dinosaur doesn’t seem like it will ever end. However, we can probably turn to birds for a start, as some birds are a direct extension of dinosaurs, and we do know how they mate.
https://zoomtens.com/top-ten-really-weird-truths-about-dinosaurs/2/
If you’ve strolled the infant formula and children’s-food aisles of many grocery stores, you may have noticed that several items now tout “DHA” on their labels.
Once only found in a few fortified formulas, you can now find all infant formulas and many toddler formulas, as well as some milk varieties and various other foods, are fortified with this valuable nutrient.
DHA, or docosahexaenoic acid, along with EPA (eicosapentaeoic acid) and ALA (alpha-linolenic acid) are the three most nutritionally important Omega-3 fatty acids, which are a specific type of polyunsaturated fatty acid. These specialized fatty acids reportedly play a role in the prevention or treatment of a numberof health conditions, including, cardiovascular disease, depression, eczema, and ADHD.
In children, Omega-3 fatty acids are known to encourage healthy brain development, especially during the first two years of life. While they are required in different quantities, the specific fatty acids are equally important, as they work together in a complex process.
During the first year of life, babies get their Omega-3s from either breast milk or fortified formula. As far as foods go, fatty fish such as salmon and sardines are often considered the rock stars.
Often forgotten, but also well-endowed Omega-3 seafood sources include halibut, shrimp, cod, trout, and tuna — all generally low in mercury too. Tofu and soybeans, kale and collard greens, flaxseeds and walnuts, grass-fed beef, and milk that comes from grass-fed cows all contain the good stuff.
Some brands of milk are fortified with DHA. They are not fortified with EPA, however. And remember, since they are collaborators, we need both of them. Any way you look at it, there’s something for everyone when it comes to food sources of Omega-3s.
Evelyn Tribole, RD, author of The Ultimate Omega-3 Diet, cites international guidelines suggesting that children 2–3 years old get 433 mg of DHA/EPA, with a minimum of 145mg of DHA. 4-6 years old get 600mg of DHA/EPA, with a minimum of 200mg of DHA.
Certainly, taking a supplement (whether fish oil-based or algae-based) is one way of increasing Omega-3 consumption, especially for our vegetarian friends. At the same time, there are many ways to naturally boost these superstars through the foods we eat.
For good health, we should aim (for ourselves and our children) to get at least one rich source of omega-3 fatty acids every day. This could be through a serving of fatty fish (try fish tacos, tuna fish sandwiches, or salmon patties), a tablespoon of canola or soybean oil in salad dressing or in cooking (a little less for the kiddos), or a handful of walnuts or ground flaxseed mixed into morning oatmeal.
Omega-6 fatty acids are another part of the equation, and while they are also essential (our bodies don’t produce them naturally, so we must consume them), too much of them can crowd out the Omega-3s and increase the risk of developing chronic diseases.
We get most of Our omega-6s from margarines, spreads and salad dressings, and packaged processed foods. Canola and olive oil-based dressings and spreads are preferable to those made with soybean, cottonseed, and corn oils. It’s easy to get wrapped up in the hype of food marketing and the nitty gritty of guidelines. If you’re reading this, I’m guessing you’re already doing a great job of nourishing your child(ren). Keep it simple and aim for at least one solid serving per day of an Omega-3 superstar.
https://kidspluspgh.com/doctors-notes/dha-omega-3-fatty-acids/
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