Smallest Wavelenghth?

Possibly the longest wavelength of light can be associated with a zero-point energy, but the smallest wavelength of light is associated with the highest energy possible in one photon.

These are probably limited by Quantum Mechanics, though I'm not sure. The highest and lowest wavelengths are, naively, as close to infinity and zero as possible, disregarding quantum effects.

These can occur as you get red/blue shifted and as you get closer and closer to the speed of light. We can see that from the relativistic doppler shift:

 λ0=1+vc1−vc−−−−−√λs λ0=1+vc1−vcλs

 Although since you can never achieve the speed of light the wavelengths will never achieve infinity or zero.

Dogs and horses have very different kinds of intelligence, and so how you rate it depends on how you rate those relative skills. 

As a human dealing with horses, the first thing to recognise is that horses never make the same mistake that dogs do: they never think you're another horse.

 
You must approach your relationship with a horse on the basis that you deal with this animal as something that:

• does not share their life, nor is something they wish to share their lives with
• will form only a tiny fraction of their waking moments, and
• will see you as primarily a problem, to be solved, rarther than another soul to be reasoned with.

In fact, the animal with as near a match, intelligence-wise, to the horse, is probably the elephant - for many of the same reasons.

 Kieron Williamson

A herd of horses, or elephants, is visibly not like a herd of bison, for example: in the wild, both horses and elephants exist in fairly small, familial groups, of related individuals, consisting of leaders, and specialists, and both tend to move in irregular annual migratory patterns over wide territories, to follow seasonal supplies of water and vegetation.

As such, like Elephants, horses display the kind of intelligence that focuses on memorising things. This allows certain members of the group to specialise in knowing where the water holes are, and crossing points of rivers, in a given region, say - and as such, herd hierarchies are amenable to quick, and temporary, delegation of leadership roles. The overall behaviour of the herd is highly influenced by its membership.

I have seen this in action many times - horses that have known where gates and pathways were, long before I did, for example, because they had taken that route, previously, by other riders.

My own horse - who was moved away from his original home district for nearly eight years, to another part of the country, while I worked there -- was returned home, but to a new part of his original district, several miles from his former home, but displayed - on his first outing from his new yard - the point at which he knew he was going back to his new place, by quickening his step and striding out more firmly for the last five miles, or so.

He had mapped where the new yards was, within a landscape whose landmarks he already recognised. Such things are unremarkable to horses, because they have evolved to it.

Like elephants, horses display an almost obsessive love of learning.

This is why they are so amenable to human taming: we teach them what to do, and they love us for it.

As far as the horse is concerned, by learning what to do, they gain the kind of control over their world that they can appreciate.

Horses aren't terribly interested in why.

If a horse displays curiosity, it is usually because he or she wants to know what will happen, in a given situation, and learn what he or she should do about it.

Here it is, on display, at the hands of the astonishing Lorenzo (watch to the end, if you wish to be disavowed of the notion that dogs are any, intrinsically, more intelligent than horses: remember, unlike dogs in this sort of situation, these horses have memorized these moves - and yet they achieve at least the same level precision, and concentration, over a prolonged period that many top-flight trained dogs would achieve):

They are also quite startling emulators.

Horses watch each other all the time, and a horse can see another horse doing something to get a reward, and may almost instantly become ready to copy that action.

In fact, horses express themselves so much through motion, that I personally suspect that one horse watching another one move, almost senses what it feels like, to move like that, as they watch it.

It is an empathy that does not require reason; they convey their emotions to one another by moving in an emotive way, so that any horse seeing it, automatically experiences some of the same emotional state: a condition akin to the one in which humans respond to song.

Above all else, they are passive thinkers, and love nothing more than a positive feedback loop, that can be reproduced, reliably, again and again, to produce the same good outcome.

A good horseman or horsewoman, seeks to be the focus of just such a positive feedback loop.

So, you cannot teach an old dog new tricks, but raw learning never stops, for horses, however old they get, and memories never vanish.


https://www.quora.com/Are-dogs-smarter-than-horses

 “Cuneiform”, the most ancient form of writing, derives from “kunta” meaning “female genitalia” in Sumerian of ancient Iraq. 

“Kunta” is “woman” in several Near Eastern and African languages and a Mother Tongue that is being compiled by linguists today. It was also spelled “quna,” which is the root of “👑.” 

Since priestesses were known to be accountants/administrators of Temple of Inanna in Sumeria c.3100 B.C. when Cuneiform was first used, it is highly likely that cuneiform was “the sign of the kunta” who kept the 📚 (clay tablets) for the temple economy/redistribution of wealth that evolved from communal economics of ancient mother-cultures.

So when an abuser calls a woman a “cunt” he is actually calling her a “👑 who invented writing and numerals.” Girls and women can thus reclaim the words in our language that have been used as weapons against us in emotionally explosive situations. 

 

The word “prostitute” (law giver of the temple) and “whore” (houri, Persian, which means a gorgeous semi-divine female that awaits men in the 7th Heaven) are some of the finest compliments a woman can be given.

 
Many ancient languages did not have huge vocabularies as we do and the same word had many meanings, according to the context in which it was used. 

“Kunta” is also the root of kundalini (energy), khan (highest leader of the Eurasian steppe nomads, whose society was originally matriarchal and who still have remnants of a matriarchate), quantity, any words that start with “kw”, qu, or kh. 

 

Examples: Cunda, mother of Buddha according to Japanese; Cunti-Devi, Goddess of kundalini energy, India; Kunta, means literally one who has female genitalia, and describes a priestess, ancient Sumeria; Kun, Goddess of Mercy, India; Quani, Korean goddess; Qudshu, female priestess of ancient Canaan & Phoenicia, which became the Roman province of Palestine after they conquered it; Quadesha, Sumerian word for a type of priestess. Qu’ can also mean 💛, sensuality, sexuality, the divinity present in all females.

 
So, the most interesting conclusion is that the Q'uran, is actually the 📓 of 💛 for females. Female sensuality is probably the literal translation, but Muslims translate it as “reading or lection”, which is also flattering to females because the mothers of Arabs were always their only teachers before Mohammad dictated the Koran. 

 

Now they have Koranic schools called “Madrasas”, the mother-schools, although they now teach only boys and denigrate women. Almost every value word in the Muslim religion, including “Muslim” is a mother-word, derived from the mother root: Mohammad, mufti, 🕌, madrasa, Makka (Mecca), Madina, mukhtar, mujahadeem, mezes, and many, many more.

 
Another variation is “quern,” a ✋-mill used by ancient women to grind grain into flour. The etymology points to housewives of ancient Mesopotamia, present-day Iraq and parts of Iran, Palestine, & Syria, where agriculture began, as the ones who invented bread out of flour by adding a liquid and letting the dough sit for while until air-borne yeasts raised it. 

 

When baked in their clay ovens, it resulted in the most remarkable invention of the human race, the staff of life, bread. It was also baked quickly, without waiting for the yeasts to lighten it, and is known today as pita.

 
~Gloria Bertonis, M.Ed. with Carol Miranda, Stone Age Divas: Their Mystery and Their Magic
https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=10157288995965792&id=570615791

 
These are the inner bark chunks of a red grape tree, the chunks are boiled in water to create a cleansing infusion for cleaning your vagina according to traditional Shipibo ways. Anyone that ever followed Dr Robert Morse’s work knows how he recommends grape fasting as a way to heal the body. 

If you goggle ‘grape fast’ you will find many testimonials on how people have got rid of chronic illnesses by just eating only grapes for extended periods of time. It’s supposed to be a hardcore cleanse, has any of you tried it? I’m curious to try sometime, obviously has to be when I’m off dieta. 😉 #grapefast #drrobertmorse #natureheals

 
https://www.instagram.com/p/B0QzY9sBJfM/

Refractive index, also called index of refraction, measure of the bending of a ray of light when passing from one medium into another. If i is the angle of incidence of a ray in vacuum (angle between the incoming ray and the perpendicular to the surface of a medium, called the normal) and r is the angle of refraction (angle between the ray in the medium and the normal), the refractive index n is defined as the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction; i.e., n = sin i / sin r. 

 

Refractive index is also equal to the velocity of light c of a given wavelength in empty space divided by its velocity v in a substance, or n = c/v.

Some typical refractive indices for yellow light (wavelength equal to 589 nanometres [10-9 metre]) are the following: air, 1.0003; water, 1.333; crown glass, 1.517; dense flint glass, 1.655; and diamond, 2.417. The variation of refractive index with wavelength is the source of chromatic aberration in lenses. 

The refractive index of X-rays is slightly less than 1.0, which means that an X-ray entering a piece of glass from air will be bent away from the normal, unlike a ray of light, which will be bent toward the normal. The equation n = c/v in this case indicates, correctly, that the velocity of X-rays in glass and in other materials is greater than its velocity in empty space.

 
https://www.britannica.com/science/refractive-index

 
Visible sunlight makes up about 40 percent of the total energy Earth receives from the sun. The rest of the energy Earth receives from the sun is not visible. About 50 percent is infrared energy, nine percent is ultraviolet (UV) energy, and one percent is X-rays or microwaves. 

Electromagnetic radiation is made up of electromagnetic waves that are defined by their wavelength and frequency. Of the entire electromagnetic spectrum, the human eye can view only a small portion of electromagnetic waves in the form of light.

Gamma (?) rays, X-rays, and UV rays are types of electromagnetic waves that are high energy, with high frequencies and short wave lengths. These types of waves can be harmful to the human body if absorbed, and can generally penetrate more deeply because of their high energy. 

 

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation can destroy DNA and damage living organisms. Sunburnt skin is a painful example of the high-energy power of UV radiation. X-rays and gamma rays can pass through our bodies to make photos of bones and other internal organs. Large doses of these forms of electromagnetic radiation are very dangerous to living organisms.

Infrared (IR), microwave, and radio electromagnetic waves are low energy, with low frequencies and long wave lengths (Fig. 9.2). Lower energy waves are generally not harmful to the human body. 

Although our eyes cannot see infrared radiation, we feel the warmth from the heat it produces by jiggling whole molecules. Microwaves from a microwave oven can be used to reheat food from the inside out.

The electromagnetic spectrum describes the wide range of electromagnetic radiation forms (Fig. 9.2). Visible light, or light that can be seen by human eyes, accounts for only a small portion of the entire electromagnetic spectrum. Light from the sun or a light bulb appears white in color. 
 

However, white light is composed of several different wavelengths of light. White light shining through a prism reveals the different colors produced by different light wavelengths. (Fig. 9.3). Each light wavelength represents a different color in the visible light spectrum (Fig. 9.3).

The visible light spectrum is a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum (Fig. 9.2). The visible light spectrum is composed of all of the colors of the rainbow. Each color is produced by a different wavelength of electromagnetic radiation. 

 

The color red has the longest wavelength within the visible light spectrum—approximately 650 nanometers (nm). at the opposite end of the visible light spectrum, the color violet has the shortest wavelength— about 400 nm. 

 

Wavelength, the distance between wave peaks, is a wave property linked with wave frequency. Waves with higher frequency (and thus, shorter wavelengths) generally have higher energy.

Electromagnetic radiation occurs in packets of energy called photons. A photon behaves like a wave and also like a particle. Because it is both a wave and a particle, describing the behavior of a photon is very complex. 

For convenience, scientists describe the amount of energy in a particular form of radiation in terms of its wavelength. Photons associated with different frequencies of light have different energies, and are utilized in different ways by ocean organisms.

 

Plants use sunlight as their primary source of energy through a process called photosynthesis. Photosynthetic organisms in the ocean such as algae and phytoplankton must live in well-lit surface waters called the euphotic zone (Fig. 9.4). The euphotic zone is the upper part of the ocean that receives bright and clear sunlight. 

 

In clear tropical waters, the euphotic zone may extend to a depth of 80 meters (m). Sunlight does not penetrate as deeply near the poles, so in these areas the euphotic zone may be less than 10 m deep. Turbid, muddy waters may have a euphotic zone only a few centimeters in depth.

 

The disphotic zone is the water layer beneath the euphotic zone (Fig. 9.5). In clear water it may extend as deep as 800 m. The dim blue light that penetrates this zone is not sufficient to sustain photosynthetic organisms. The photic zone is made up of the euphotic and disphotic zones. 

The aphotic zone is the water layer where there is no visible sunlight (Fig. 9.2). Most of the water in the ocean lies in the aphotic zone. Some lakes are also deep enough to have aphotic zones.

When sunlight strikes the ocean, some of it reflects off the surface back into the atmosphere. The amount of energy that penetrates the surface of the water depends on the angle at which the sunlight strikes the ocean. 
 

Near the equator, the sun’s rays strike the ocean almost perpendicular to the ocean’s surface. Near the poles, the sun’s rays strike the ocean at an angle, rather than directly. 

 

The direct angle of the sun’s rays to the surface of the water at the equator means that more energy penetrates the surface of the water at the equator than at the poles. Water absorbs almost all of the infrared energy from sunlight within 10 centimeters of the surface. 
 

In this very shallow layer light energy is converted to heat, which can raise the water temperature and cause some the water to evaporate. When winds and waves stir the surface of the ocean, heat mixes in to cooler water layers below.

Visible colors of light penetrate differently into the ocean depths, as seen in this image depicting light penetration in Lake Superior. Longer wavelengths such as red are absorbed at a shallower depth than shorter wavelengths such as blue, which penetrates to a deeper depth.

 
Visible red light has slightly more energy than invisible infrared radiation and is more readily absorbed by water than other visible wavelengths (Fig. 9.7). This is why red fish appear nearly black at 20 m. Light with longer wavelengths is absorbed more quickly than that with shorter wavelengths. 
 

Because of this, the higher energy light with short wavelengths, such as blue, is able to penetrate more deeply. At 40 m, saltwater has absorbed nearly all the red visible light, yet blue light is still able to penetrate beyond these depths. 

At this depth, a scuba diver without a flashlight sees all underwater features only in shades of blue (Fig. 9.8 A). To see a full spectrum of colors, a diver must shine a white light directly on an object.

The depth of the water not only affects the colors of light that are noticeable underwater, it also affects the intensity, or amount of light. Within the first 10 m, water absorbs more than 50 percent of the visible light energy (Fig. 9.9). 

Even in clear tropical water only about 1 percent of visible light—mostly in the blue range—penetrates to 100 m. Light attenuation is the gradual decrease in light intensity as it travels through matter.

 
https://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/physical/ocean-depths/light-ocean