Indrapura was the capital city of the ancient kingdom of Champa from 875 CE, for several decades, under the reign of Indravarman I (877-890) and some of his followers belonging to the 6th dynasty in Dong Duong.
One theory holds that the people of Champa were descended from settlers who reached the Southeast Asian mainland from Borneo about the time of the Sa Huỳnh culture, though genetic evidence points to exchanges with India.
Sa Huỳnh sites are rich in iron artifacts, by contrast with the Đông Sơn culture sites found in northern Vietnam and elsewhere in mainland Southeast Asia, where bronze artifacts are dominant. The Cham language is part of the Austronesian family. According to one study, Cham is related most closely to modern Acehnese.
Cham tradition says that the founder of the Cham state was Lady Po Nagar. She hailed from Khánh Hòa Province, in a peasant family in the mountains of Dai An. Spirits assisted her when she drifted on a piece of sandalwood to China, where she married a Chinese crown prince, the son of the Emperor of China, with whom she had two children. She then became Queen of Champa.
When she returned to Champa to visit her family, the Prince refused to let her go, but she flung the sandalwood into the ocean, disappeared with her children and reappeared at Nha Trang to her family. When the Chinese prince tried to follow her back to Nha Trang, she was furious and turned him and his fleet into stone.
The Sa Huỳnh culture - The Sa Huỳnh culture was a late prehistoric metal age society on the central coast of Viet Nam. In 1909, urns containing cremated remains and grave goods were discovered at Thanh Duc, near Sa Huỳnh, a coastal village located south of Da Nang.
Since then, many more burials have been found, from Huế to the Đồng Nai river delta. The jar burials contain bronze mirrors, coins, bells, bracelets, axes and spearheads, iron spearheads, knives and sickles, and beads made of gold, glass, carnelian, agate and nephrite. Radiocarbon dating of the Sa Huỳnh culture remains range from 400 BC to the first or second century AD.
The Sa Huỳnh exchanged items along maritime trade routes with Taiwan and the Philippines. "At present, the consensus of all evidence points to a relatively late intrusive settlement of this region by sea from Borneo, a move which stimulated the rise Sa Huỳnh, and then the development of the Cham states."
Lâm Ấp - To the Chinese, the country of Champa was known as 林邑 Linyi in Mandarin and Lam Yap in Cantonese and to the Vietnamese, Lâm Ấp (which is the Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation of 林邑).
It had been founded in 192 AD in the region of modern Huế by Khu Liên, a local leader rebelling against the Han dynasty. Over the next several centuries, Han forces made repeated unsuccessful attempts to retake the region.
From its neighbor Funan to the west, Lâm Ấp soon came under the influence of Indian civilization. Scholars locate the historical beginnings of Champa in the 4th century, when the process of Indianization was well underway. It was in this period that the Cham people began to create stone inscriptions in both Sanskrit and in their own language, for which they created a unique script.
One such Sanskrit inscription, the Vo Canh stele Pallava Grantha inscription hails from the early Cham territory of Kauthara, and establishes the great grandson of a local Hindu king of the Pandyan dynasty, Sri Mara.
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He is identified with both Champa founder Khu Liên and Fan Shih-man of Funan. The towers of Po Sa Nu (Pho Hai) near Phan Thiết may be the oldest extant Cham buildings. In style, they exhibit the influence of pre-Angkorian Cambodia.
The Book of Jin has some records about Lam Ap during the 3rd to 5th centuries. Fan Wen (范文) became the king in 336. He attacked and annexed Daqijie, Xiaoqijie, Ship, Xulang, Qudu, Ganlu, and Fudan. Fan Wen sent a message and paid tribute to the Chinese Emperor, and the message was "written in barbarian characters".
Lam Ap sometimes maintained the tributary status and sometimes was hostile to the Jin dynasty, and the Commandery of Rinan (日南, Chinese:Rinan, Vietnamese:Nhật Nam) was frequently under attack from Lam Ap.
The first king acknowledged in the inscriptions is Bhadravarman, who reigned from 380 to 413. At Mỹ Sơn, King Bhadravarman established a linga called Bhadresvara, whose name was a combination of the king's own name and that of the Hindu god of gods Shiva. The worship of the original god-king under the name Bhadresvara and other names continued through the centuries that followed.
The capital of Lâm Ấp at the time of Bhadravarman was the citadel of Simhapura ("Lion City", not to be confused with Singapore, which shares similar pronunciation and etymology), located along two rivers and had a wall eight miles in circumference.
A Chinese writer described the people of Lâm Ấp as both warlike and musical, with "deep eyes, a high straight nose, and curly black hair."
According to Chinese records, Sambhuvarman (Fan Fan Tche) was crowned king of Lâm Ấp in 529. Inscriptions credit him with rehabilitating the temple to Bhadresvara after a fire. Sambhuvarman also sent delegations and tribute to China and unsuccessfully invaded what is now northern Vietnam.
George Cœdès states that this was actually Rudravarman, followed by his son Sambhuvarman; their combined reigns extended from 529 to 629.
The Chinese sent General Pham Tu to pacify the Chams after they raided Vietnam, which was part of China, in 543; the Chams were defeated. In 605, a general Liu Fang (劉方) of the Chinese Sui dynasty invaded Lâm Ấp, won a battle by luring the enemy war-elephants into an area booby-trapped with camouflaged pits, massacred the defeated troops, and captured the capital.
Sambhuvarman rebuilt the capital and the Bhadravarman temple at Mỹ Sơn, then received Chenla King Mahendravarman's ambassador. In the 620s, the kings of Lâm Ấp sent delegations to the court of the recently established Tang dynasty and asked to become vassals of the Chinese court.
Chinese records report the death of the last king of Lâm Ấp in 756.[1]:325 Thereafter for a time, the Chinese referred to Champa as "Hoan Vuong" or "Huanwang". The earliest Chinese records using a name related to "Champa" are dated 877; however, such names had been in use by the Cham themselves since at least 629, and by the Khmer since at least 657.
Champa at its peak - Asia in 800 AD, showing the Champa city-states and their neighbors - From the 7th to the 10th centuries, the Cham controlled the trade in spices and silk between China, India, the Indonesian islands, and the Abbasid empire in Baghdad. They supplemented their income from the trade routes not only by exporting ivory and aloe, but also by engaging in piracy and raiding.
Religious foundations at Mỹ Sơn - By the second half of the 7th century, royal temples were beginning to appear at Mỹ Sơn. The dominant religious cult was that of the Hindu god Shiva, but temples were also dedicated to Vishnu.
Scholars have called the architectural style of this period Mỹ Sơn E1, in reference to a particular edifice at Mỹ Sơn that is regarded as emblematic of the style. Important surviving works of art in this style include a pedestal for a linga that has come to be known as the Mỹ Sơn E1 Pedestal and a pediment depicting the birth of Brahma from a lotus issuing from the navel of the sleeping Vishnu.
Stone pedestal of a temple with an Apsara dancer and a Gandharva musician (Trà Kiệu style) - In an important stone inscription dated 657, found at Mỹ Sơn, King Prakasadharma, who took on the name Vikrantavarman I at his coronation, claimed to be descended through his mother from the Brahman Kaundinya and the serpent princess Soma, the legendary ancestors of the Khmer of Cambodia.
This inscription underlines the ethnic and cultural connection of Champa with the Khmer Empire, its perennial rival to the west. It also commemorates the king's dedication of a monument, probably a linga, to Shiva.
Another inscription documents the king's almost mystical devotion to Shiva, "who is the source of the supreme end of life, difficult to attain; whose true nature is beyond the domain of thought and speech, yet whose image, identical with the universe, is manifested by his forms."
Temporary preeminence of Kauthara - In the 8th century, during the time when the Chinese knew the country as "Huanwang", the political center of Champa shifted temporarily from Mỹ Sơn southward to the regions of Panduranga and Kauthara, centered around the temple complex of Po Nagar near modern Nha Trang that was dedicated to the indigenous Earth goddess Yan Po Nagar.
In 774, raiders from Java disembarked in Kauthara, burned the temple of Po Nagar, and carried off the image of Shiva. The Cham king Satyavarman pursued the raiders and defeated them in a naval battle. In 781, Satyavarman erected a stele at Po Nagar, declaring that he had regained control of the area and had restored the temple. In 787, Javanese raiders destroyed a temple dedicated to Shiva near Panduranga.
Javanese raids - Srivijaya attacks on Champa and Jiaozhi - In 767, Tonkin coast was hit by Java (Daba) and Kunlun raids, around modern day Hanoi the capital of Tonkin (Annam). Around Son-tay they were vanquished at the hands of Chang Po-i the governor, after the Kunlun and Java (Shepo) assaulted Tongking in 767.
Champa was subsequently assaulted by Javanese or Kunlun vessels in 774 and 787. In 774 an assault was launched on Po-Nagar in Nha-trang where the pirates demolished temples, while in 787 an assault was launched on Phang-rang. Several Champa coastal cities suffered naval raids and assault from Java. Java armadas was called as Javabala-sanghair-nāvāgataiḥ (Java armadas) which are recorded in Champa epigraphs.
All of these raids believed was launched by the Sailendras, ruler of Java and Srivijaya.[54][55] [56] The possible cause of Srivijaya Sailendras assault on Champa was probably prompted by commerce rivalry on serving Chinese market. The 787 epigraph was in Yang Tikuh while the 774 epigraph was Po-nagar.
In Kauthara province in 774, Champa's Siva-linga temple of Po Nagar was assaulted and demolished. Champa source mentioned their invader as foreigners, sea-farers, eaters of inferior food, of frightful appearance, extraordinarily black and thin.[60] The 774 assault by the Javanese happened in the rule of Isvaraloka (Satyavarman).
Cham record mentioned that their country was hit by ferocious, pitiless, dark-skinned sea raiders, which modern historians believed to by Javanese. Java had commercial and cultural links to Champa. And assault was initiated on Cambodia. Javanese raid was launched via the Pulo Condor island. Malaya, Sumatra or Java all could have been the origin of the assaulters.
The Kauthara Nha Trang temple of Po Nagar was ruined when ferocious, pitiless, dark-skinned men born in other countries, whose food was more horrible than corpses, and who were vicious and furious, came in ships . . . took away the [temple linga], and set fire to the temple. In 774 according to the Nha Trang epigraph in Sanskrit by the Chams. Men born in other lands, living on other foods, frightful to look at, unnaturally dark and lean, cruel as death, passing over the sea in ships assaulted in 774.
In 787, warriors from Java borne over in ships assaulted Champa. In Phan-rang the Sri Bhadradhipatlsvara temple was arsoned by seaborne Java troops in 787, when Indravarman was in power at the hands of the Javanese.
It was mentioned the armies of Java, having come in vessels of the 787 assault, and of the previous assault, that Satyavarman, the King of Champa vanquished them as they were followed by good ships and beaten at sea and they were men living on food more horrible than cadavers, frightful, completely black and gaunt, dreadful and evil as death, came in ships in the Nha-trang Po Nagar epigraph in Sanskrit, which called hem men born in other countries. The ruin of the temple at Panduranga in 787 came at the hands of the assaulters.
Champa was an important commerce link between China and Srivijaya. The Majapahit and their predecessors the Javanese Mataram had ties with Champa.
The Buddhist dynasty at Indrapura - In 875, King Indravarman II founded a new northern dynasty at Indrapura[15]:123 (Dong Duong near Da Nang in modern Vietnam). Eager to claim an ancient lineage, Indravarman declared himself the descendant of Bhrigu, the venerable sage whose exploits are detailed in the Mahabharata, and asserted that Indrapura had been founded by the same Bhrigu in ancient times. From 877 onward, the Chinese knew Champa as "Cheng-cheng", discontinuing their use of the term "Huan-wang." Indravarman II repulsed an invasion by the Khmer King Yasovarman I.
13th century sculpture in the Thap Mam style, depicting Garuda devouring a serpent - Indravarman was the first Cham monarch to adopt Mahayana Buddhism as an official religion. At the center of Indrapura, he constructed a Buddhist monastery (vihara) dedicated to the bodhisattva Lokesvara. The foundation, regrettably, was devastated during the Vietnam War.
Thankfully, some photographs and sketches survive from the prewar period. In addition, some stone sculptures from the monastery are preserved in Vietnamese museums. Scholars have called the artistic style typical of the Indrapura the Dong Duong Style. The style is characterized by its dynamism and ethnic realism in the depiction of the Cham people.
Surviving masterpieces of the style include several tall sculptures of fierce dvarapalas or temple guardians that were once positioned around the monastery. The period in which Buddhism reigned as the principal religion of Champa came to an end in approximately 925, at which time the Dong Duong Style also began to give way to subsequent artistic styles linked with the restoration of Shaivism as the national religion.
Kings belonging to the dynasty of Indrapura built a number of temples at Mỹ Sơn in the 9th and 10th centuries. Their temples at Mỹ Sơn came to define a new architectural and artistic style, called by scholars the Mỹ Sơn A1 Style, again in reference to a particular foundation at Mỹ Sơn regarded emblematic for the style. With the religious shift from Buddhism back to Shaivism around the beginning of the 10th century, the center of Cham religion also shifted from Dong Duong back to Mỹ Sơn.
Attrition through conflict with the Việt and the Khmer - Interesting parallels may be observed between the history of northern Champa (Indrapura and Vijaya) and that of its neighbor and rival to the west, the Khmer civilization of Angkor, located just to the north of the great lake Tonlé Sap in what is now Cambodia.
The foundation of the Cham dynasty at Indrapura in 875 was followed by the foundation of the Khmer empire at Roluos in 877 by King Indravarman I, who united two previously independent regions of Cambodia.
The parallels continued as the two peoples flourished from the 10th through 12th centuries, then went into gradual decline, suffering their ultimate defeat in the 15th century. In 1238, the Khmer lost control of their western possessions around Sukhothai as the result of a Thai revolt.
The successful revolt not only ushered in the era of Thai independence but also foreshadowed the eventual abandonment of Angkor in 1431, following its sack by Thai invaders from the kingdom of Ayutthaya, which had absorbed Sukhothai in 1376.
The decline of Champa was roughly contemporaneous with that of Angkor and was precipitated by pressure from the Đại Việt of what is now northern Vietnam, culminating in the conquest and obliteration of Vijaya in 1471.
According to the Daoyi Zhilue documents, around the 11th century Chinese merchants who went to Cham ports in Champa married Cham women, to whom they regularly returned after trading voyages. A Chinese merchant from Quanzhou, Wang Yuanmao, traded extensively with Champa and married a Cham princess.
Khmer invasions of Kauthara - In 944 and 945, Khmer troops from Cambodia invaded the region of Kauthara. Around 950, the Khmer under Rajendravarman II pillaged the temple of Po Nagar and carried off the statue of the goddess.
In 960, the Cham King Jaya Indravaman I sent a delegation with tribute to the first king of the Chinese Song dynasty, which had been established in Kaifeng around 960. In 965, the king restored the temple at Po Nagar and reconstructed the statue of the goddess to replace the one stolen by the Khmer.
War with Đại Việt and the abandonment of Indrapura - In the latter half of the 10th century, the kings of Indrapura waged war against the Đại Việt of what is now northern Vietnam. The Viet had spent the better part of the century securing their independence from Chinese rule.
Following the defeat of the Chinese fleet by Ngô Quyền in the Battle of Bạch Đằng in 938, the country had gone through a period of internal turmoil until its final reunification by the Đinh dynasty in 968 under the name Đại Cồ Việt, and the establishment of a capital at Hoa Lư near modern Hanoi.
Closeup of the inscription in Cham script on the Po Nagar stele, 965 CE. The stele describes feats by the Champa kings - In 979, the Cham King Parameshvaravarman I (Phê Mi Thuê to the Viet) sent a fleet to attack Hoa Lư in support of Ngô Nhut-khanh following the Anarchy of the 12 Warlords. However, the ill-fated expedition was scuttled by a tempest. In 982, King Lê Hoàn of the Đại Việt sent an ambassador to Indrapura.
When the ambassador was detained, Lê Hoàn decided to go on the offensive. Viet troops sacked Indrapura and killed Parameshvararman. They carried off women from the king's entourage, gold, silver, and other precious objects. As a result of these setbacks, the Cham abandoned Indrapura around 1000. The center of Champa was relocated south to Vijaya in modern Bình Định.
Several Chinese accounts record Cham arriving on Hainan. When the Cham capital fell in 982 to Vietnam, several Cham fled to Hainan during the Song dynasty. After the fall of the capital Indrapura, some Cham fled to Guangzhou as well. They became ancestors of the modern day Utsuls on Hainan, who are Muslims and still speak a Cham language.
While declaring himself an independent ruler to his own people, the Vietnamese leader Dinh Bo Linh requested only officially the status of his domain as neifu from the Chinese, which was not an independent state but of an autonomous suboordinate region of China.
After this, Champa also demanded this status, to be officially part of China, sending large amounts of tribute to the Chinese. When Vietnam sent Cham prisoners to China, the Chinese sent them back to Champa in 992.
Champa rice was introduced from Champa to China during the reign of Emperor Zhenzong of Song - Sack of Vijaya by the Việt - Conflict between Champa and Đại Việt did not end, however, with the abandonment of Indrapura. Champa suffered further Viet attacks in 1021 and 1026. In 1044, a catastrophic battle resulted in the death of the Cham King Sa Dau and the sack of Vijaya by the Đại Việt under Lý Thái Tông.
The invaders captured elephants and musicians and even the Cham queen Mi E, who preserved her honor by throwing herself into the waves as her captors attempted to transport her to their country.[84] Thirty thousand Cham were killed. fChampa began to pay tribute to the Viet kings, including a white rhinoceros in 1065 and a white elephant in 1068 sent to Lý Thánh Tông.
In 1068, however, the King of Vijaya Rudravarman III (Che Cu) attacked Đại Việt in order to reverse the setbacks of 1044. Again the Cham were defeated, and again the Đại Việt captured and burned Vijaya. These events were repeated in 1069 when Lý Thánh Tông took a fleet to Champa, torched Vijaya, and captured Rudravarman III.
The Champa king eventually purchased his freedom in exchange for three northern districts of his realm. Taking advantage of the debacle, a leader in southern Champa rebelled and established an independent kingdom. The northern kings were not able to reunite the country until 1084.
Khmer invasions of northern Champa - In 1074, King Harivarman IV took the throne, restoring the temples at Mỹ Sơn and ushering in a period of relative prosperity. Harivarman made peace with the Đại Việt but provoked war with the Khmer of Angkor.
In 1080, a Khmer army attacked Vijaya and other centers in northern Champa. Temples and monasteries were sacked and cultural treasures were carried off. After much misery, Cham troops under King Harivarman were able to defeat the invaders and restored the capital and temples.
Around 1080, a new dynasty from the Korat Plateau in modern Thailand occupied the throne of Angkor in Cambodia. Soon enough, the kings of the new dynasty embarked on a program of empire-building. Rebuffed in their attempts to conquer Đại Việt in the 1128, 1132, and 1138, they turned their attention to Champa.
In 1145, a Khmer army under King Suryavarman II, the founder of Angkor Wat, occupied Vijaya, ending the reign of Jaya Indravarman III, and destroying the temples at Mỹ Sơn. The Khmer king then attempted the conquest of all of northern Champa.
In 1149, however, the ruler of the southern principality of Panduranga, King Jaya Harivarman I, defeated the invaders and had himself consecrated king of kings in Vijaya. He spent the rest of his reign putting down rebellions in Amaravati and Panduranga.
Sack of Angkor by the Cham - This bas relief at the late 12th-century Angkorian temple called the Bayon depicts Cham mariners in action against the Khmer.
In 1167, King Jaya Indravarman IV ascended to the throne in Champa. An inscription characterized him as brave, well-versed in weapons, and knowledgeable of philosophy, Mahayana theories, and the Dharmasutra.
After securing peace with the Đại Việt in 1170, Jaya Indravarman invaded Cambodia with inconclusive results. In 1177, however, his troops launched a surprise attack against the Khmer capital of Yasodharapura from warships piloted up the Mekong River to the great lake Tonlé Sap in Cambodia. The invaders sacked the capital in 1177, killed the Khmer king Tribhuvanaditya, and made off with much booty.
China transferred crossbow technology to Champa. When the Chams sacked Angkor they used the Chinese siege crossbow. Crossbows were given to the Chams by China. Crossbows and archery while mounted were instructed to the Cham by a Chinese in 1171.
Conquest of Vijaya by the Khmer - The Khmer were rallied by a new king, Jayavarman VII, who drove the Cham from Cambodia in 1181. When Jaya Indravarman IV launched another attack against Cambodia in 1190, Jayavarman VII appointed a Cham prince named Vidyanandana to lead the Khmer army. Vidyanandana defeated the invaders and proceeded to occupy Vijaya and to capture Jaya Indravarman IV, whom he sent back to Angkor as a prisoner.
Adopting the title of Shri Suryavarmadeva (or Suryavarman), Vidyanandana made himself king of Panduranga. He made Prince In, a brother-in-law of Jayavarman VII, "King Suryajayavarmadeva in the Nagara of Vijaya" (or Suryajayavarman). In 1191 a revolt at Viajaya drove Suryajayavarman back to Cambodia and enthroned Jaya Indravarman V.
Vidyanandana occupied Viajaya, killed both Jaya Indravarman IV and Jaya Indravarman V, then "reigned without opposition over the Kingdom of Champa," but he declared his independence from Cambodia. Khmer troops attempted unsuccessfully to regain control over Champa throughout the 1190s.
In 1203, finally, Jayavarman VII's general Yuvaraja Mnagahna On Dhanapati Grama defeated Suryavarman, sending him into exile. Champa effectively became a province of Angkor, not to regain its independence until 1220. Jaya Paramesvaravarman II was crowned in 1226 and built his palace in Shri Vijaya, restoring the Champas to power.
Trần Thái Tông sent a punitive expedition against Champa for its continued piracy of the Đại Việt coast, bringing back the Champa Queen Bo-da-la and the king's concubines as prisoners in 1252. Indravarman V was crowned in 1266, in time to become subject to the Mongols as "Imperial Prince of the second rank".
When the Chinese Song dynasty fell to the Mongols, its loyalists fled to Champa where they plotted the reconquest of China. In the 1270s, Kublai Khan had established his capital and dynasty at Beijing and had toppled the southern Chinese Song dynasty. By 1280, he would turn his attention to the Cham and Viet kingdoms located in the territory of modern Vietnam.
In 1283, Mongol troops of the Yuan dynasty under General Sogetu (Sagatou, So Tou, So To, or Sodu) invaded Champa and occupied Vijaya after capturing the citadel of Mou-cheng. However, Indravarman V fled into the mountains.
Despite dispersion the Champa troops on a number of occasions, the Mongols were not "progressing one step into a country where they suffered from the heat, illness, and a lack of supplies." Trần Thánh Tông and then Trần Nhân Tông, just like Indravarman V, "obstinately refused" to present themselves to the Mongol Court or make any "act of vassalage", and refused the Mongols passage through Việt Nam.
Thus the invasion of Champa had little lasting effect. Then, in 1285, the Mongol commander Togan was defeated and Sogetu was killed in a botched invasion of Đại Việt. By then, the Mongols "had lost a great number of men and officers...without having obtained any sizeable advantage." However, Indravarman V did send an ambassador to Kublai on 6 Oct. 1285.
Chế Mân - In 1307, the Cham King Jaya Simhavarman III (Chế Mân), the founder of the still extant temple of Po Klong Garai in Panduranga, ceded two northern districts to the Đại Việt in exchange for the hand in marriage of a Viet princess, Huyền Trân.
Not long after the nuptials, the king died, and the princess returned to her northern home in order to avoid a Cham custom that would have required her to join her husband in death. However, the lands that Chế Mân had rashly ceded were not returned. In order to regain these lands, and encouraged by the decline of Đại Việt in the course of the 14th century, the troops of Champa began to make regular incursions into the territory of their neighbor to the north.
Chế Chi and Chế Anan - Chế Mân's son, Chế Chi, was captured in 1312 by Trần Anh Tông and died a prisoner in Gia-lam Palace. Champa thus became a Vietnamese province. Chế Anan was able to win back its independence in 1326.
The Franciscan friar Odoric of Pordenone visited Champa in the 1320s - Chế Bồng Nga — the Red King - The last strong king of the Cham was Chế Bồng Nga, or Che Bunga, who ruled from 1360 until 1390. In Vietnamese stories he is called The Red King. Chế Bồng Nga apparently managed to unite the Cham lands under his rule, and by 1372 he was strong enough to attack and almost conquer Đại Việt from the sea.
Cham forces sacked Thăng Long, the capital city of Đại Việt (located at the site of modern Hanoi), in 1371 and then again in 1377. This second attack was soon after Trần Duệ Tông died attacking Vijaya.
Champa attacks in 1380, 1382, and 1383 were checked by the Vietnamese General Hồ Quý Ly, future founder of the Hồ dynasty. Chế Bồng Nga was finally stopped in 1390 during another assault on the Vietnamese capital, when his royal barge received a musketry salvo.
This was the last serious offensive by the Cham against Đại Việt, but it helped spell the end of the Trần dynasty, which had forged its reputation in the wars against the Mongols a century earlier, but which now revealed itself as weak and ineffective in the face of the Cham invasions.
Defeat and destruction of Vijaya by the Đại Việt - Main article: Cham–Vietnamese War (1471) - During the reign of the Hongwu Emperor in Ming China, Champa sent tribute to China to garner Chinese help in the wars with Vietnam. The Hongwu Emperor was dead set against military actions in the region of Southeast Asia, merely rebuking the Vietnamese for their offensive.
In 1401 and 1402, Hồ Quý Ly sent expeditions against Champa, forcing Jaya Simhavarman V to relinquish half of his territory. Jaya Simhavarman V was able to regain his territory when the Yongle Emperor captured Hồ Quý Ly and Hồ Hán Thương during the Ming–Hồ War of 1407.
Jaya Simhavarman V and his son Nauk Glaun Vijaya then engaged in raiding the Khmer's under Ponhea Yat. China was asked to deal with Vietnam by Champa. Hostilities against Champa were initiated by the new Vietnamese dynasty.
Following raids by Maha Vijaya into Hoa-chau in 1444 and 1445, the Đại Việt Emperor Lê Nhân Tông, under the leadership of Trịnh Khả, launched an invasion of Champa in 1446. The attack was successful, Vijaya fell to the invaders, and "Maha Vijaya" was taken prisoner. Maha Qui-lai was then made Emperor of Champa.
After the Champa king P'an-Lo T'ou-Ts'iuan, Tra-Toan, attacked Hoa-chau in 1469, the Đại Việt emperor Lê Thánh Tông led a retaliatory invasion the following year with a vanguard fleet of 100,000 men, followed by 150,000 more ten days later. Vijaya was captured in 1471, along with Tra-Toan and 30,000 other Cham, while 60,000 Cham were killed. Tra-Toan "fell ill and died near Nghe-an aboard the junk that was taking him away."
According to linguistic study Acehnese people of northern Sumatra and Cham are related through the Aceh–Chamic languages. At least 60,000 Cham people were killed and 30,000 were taken as slaves by the Vietnamese army. The capital of Vijaya was obliterated. As a result of the victory, Lê Thánh Tông annexed the principalities of Amaravati and Vijaya. This defeat caused the first major Cham emigration, particularly to Cambodia and Malacca.
The trade in Vietnamese ceramics was damaged due to the plummet in trade by Cham merchants after the invasion. The Chinese scholar 吳樸 Wu Pu recommended that to help stop the Vietnamese, China should help resuscitate the Champa Kingdom.
Later history of Champa - What remained of historical Champa was the southern principality of Panduranga, where the Cham general Bo Tri-tri proclaimed himself king, and offered vassalage to Lê Thánh Tông.Under the protection of Dai-Viet, it preserved some of its independence. This was the starting point of the modern Cham Lords in the principality of Panduranga (Phan Rang, Phan Ri and Phan Thiết).
The Portuguese attacked on Malacca was resisted by the Johor Sultanate along with an expeditionary force from Champa in 1594. Cambodia was the refuge of Chams who fled along with Po Chien after Champa lost more lands in 1720 to the Vietnamese.
When the Ming dynasty in China fell, Chinese refugees fled south and extensively settled on Cham lands and in Cambodia. Most of these Chinese were young men, and they took Cham women as wives. Their children identified more with Chinese culture. This migration occurred in the 17th and 18th centuries.
The Vietnamese subjugated Phú Yên in 1578, Cam Ranh in 1653, and Tran Thuan Than in 1692. Cham provinces were seized by the Nguyễn Lords. An anti-Vietnamese rebellion by the Cham occurred in 1728 after the passing away of their ruler Po Saktiraydaputih. Panduranga, the last remnant of the Cham Kingdom, fell in 1832 to the Emperor Minh Mang.
The Cham Muslim leader Katip Suma was educated in Kelantan and came back to Champa to declare a Jihad against the Vietnamese after Emperor Minh Mạng's annexation of Champa. The Vietnamese coercively fed lizard and pig meat to Cham Muslims and cow meat to Cham Hindus against their will to punish them and assimilate them to Vietnamese culture.
Today, the Chams are recognized as one of official 54 ethnic groups in Vietnam. Ethnic Chams in the Mekong Delta have also been economically marginalized and pushed into poverty by Vietnamese policies, with ethnic Vietnamese Kinh settling on majority Cham land with state support, and religious practices of minorities have been targeted for elimination by the government.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Champa
Directions: Read about the North Node in Capricorn below and then click the link at the end to take the test to see how well you understand this nodal placement.
The North Node in Capricorn has traditionally been interpreted as a sign of prudence, caution, introversion, and even cynicism in an individual. It can also bring wealth. The corresponding Dragon’s Tail in Cancer is an indication of a fickle love nature.
You have spent many lifetimes at home, mastering the domestic arts. You have now incarnated to have a career and climb the ladder of success. Maturity is the key spiritual concept of the North Node in Capricorn placement. You may feel as if you’re always an adolescent of some sort, trying to become an adult with real responsibility but hampered by infantile feelings inside.
Perhaps you have very strong feelings of patriotism and a desire to work for your country, which you may see as your extended family. People with the North Node in Capricorn placement are sometimes known for being very diplomatic, as the Cancer South Node gives them insight and sensitivity. John F. Kennedy is a good example of the use of this energy, as are leaders Angela Merkel and Dalai Lama.
The biggest challenge of the North Node in Capricorn placement is learning to let go. Your soul habit has been to absorb emotions and drop them in an inner sea of self-pity and longing. Endings are difficult for you, and your relationships, like your feelings, tend to be endless. The antidote is to move from a personal life to a public one, and one way to do that is to stand for some traditional value you hold dear and let the chips fall where they may.
Deep down inside you know that you are destined for great accomplishments but have trouble believing your kids or spouse or parents or whoever else is at home can make it through the day without you. A good way to get past this is to read biographies of public people you admire and to take baby steps towards a career.
The dynamic between personal and professional life can manifest in different ways but will most likely be a major life theme. A native may start or go into a family line of business, such as Indira Gandhi, Kirk Douglas, Gwyneth Paltrow, and Donald Sutherland. It’s also possible that a failed love affair may leave a lasting impact, such as in the life of Monica Lewinsky, Dante, and Howard Stern.
Children and childhood are often major preoccupations. Think about the work of natives Roald Dahl, Hans Christian Andersen, and Vladimir Nabokov. Or there may be painful family scars related to children, such as nasty allegations (Woody Allen), the death of a beloved child (John Travolta), a miscarriage (Katey Sagal) a hostile co-parent (Kim Basinger), illegitimate offspring (Jackie Chan), lawsuits over frozen eggs (Sofia Vergara), or protracted custody battles (Christie Brinkley, Burt Reynolds). Celebrities who appear particularly to enjoy their children are Neil Patrick Harris, Heidi Klum, Jerry Seinfeld, and Dave Chappelle.
If you rely too heavily on your Cancer energy, this can lead to an unsuccessful life, hypersensitivity, immaturity, out of control emotions, self-pity, and a fear of authority. You dream of being objective, yet at your worst, you are a bottomless pit of insecurity. Some cures for what ails you include mathematics, taking responsibility for your life including your childhood, accepting leadership positions, chess, and yoga.
The perfect remedy for your insecurity and immaturity is competence. You must take on tasks that improve your confidence and allow you to move in the direction of taking charge. Once you harness your Capricorn energy, you will be amazed and amaze others with your accomplishments. Business giants Steve Jobs, Oprah Winfrey, Jack Welch, and Kirk Kerkorian all share this North Node in Capricorn placement with you.
At the heart of most of your issues is the concept of judgment. You fear the final day, whether you imagine it to be spiritual or more mundane, when you will be called to fully account for your actions. This may be at the root of your reluctance to embrace adulthood or even admit your real age. Yet eventually you find the fortitude to face it.
Carrying the North Node in Capricorn means it may take you half a life of whining and feeling sorry for yourself before you rise to meet the challenge you set out for yourself upon incarnation, but once you do, you will live a model life.
https://aquarianastrology.org/north-node-in-capricorn
The lunar, nurturing, and cozy, South Node in Cancer, wants to stay home, cook, nurture its infant, and snuggle up under a warm, billowy, blanket. There’s a desire here to find a fortress against the harsh, demanding, and fast-paced, world. And can you blame them 100%? I don’t.
The shiny Moon ruled Cancer South Node is emotional, sensitive, sympathetic, and will feed someone they deem kind, in return. Just think of the soft-skinned crab, that symbolizes this extremely feminine sign. It wants a shell to feel secure in. This shell will help shield them from the judgmental and cold, world.
And sometimes this ‘shell’ is metaphorical, rather than literal. Perhaps the crabs’ immediate family is something these warm souls hide themselves behind. They would rather blend themselves in with the siblings and parents than stick out in public.
In past lives, or earlier in this one, South Node in Cancers preferred the warm, familiar, and nurturing, foundation of family. There was an emotional, familial, and rooted, bond, in their childhood, or past lives. Family was, and is, everything, to them.
Having a stable home life, a feeling of warmth and nurturing, not just from their mothers, but from the unit as a whole, fed their innate need for security and a strong inner confidence and/or foundation. Their families usually had a positive impact on them.
There was emotional support, great role-models, and a general sense of great rapport from their own clan and/or blood. South Node in Cancers may even slide back to their burrows to re-energize from the spotlight when they felt too overwhelmed by the public, outer world.
In this lifetime, these crabs are learning how to be their own emotional support. That is not to say that they should neglect their families. It just means they are being asked to leave their shells and become the mature, and strong, adults that they are meant to be.
This is a lifetime of working hard and perhaps even becoming a community figure, and name, in their environment. They might still love their families, but South Node in Cancers may feel empty when they abandon their dreams of becoming something more. They have already experienced the cozy, fuzzy, warmth, of their burrows; they now thirst for something bigger.
They might feel compelled to start ‘shooting for more’ at their jobs, climbing the competitive work place ladder. Knowing just their own clan, or their closest friends, is no longer enough, they desire to know the names, positions, titles, and connections, of people who will help them reach higher in their journey towards their goals.
The North Node in Capricorn can be a serious-minded person who carefully places their feet firmly on each step of the mountain, being wary of the dangers of the real world that could shake their firm footing on the career mountain.
They desire to be taken seriously this lifetime. No more sulking and dodging work, behind their shells, when they feel shaken by the hardness of the real world. They aim to perfect their art of public relations.
The North Node in Capricorns who feel a strong instinct to work towards their North Node will iron their suits and ties, shine their shoes, shampoo their hair, and whiten their teeth. North Node in Capricorns must worry about their image and muster up the courage to present them in the most confident, professional, and sophisticated, manner, as possible.
They must learn to work well with their bosses, managers, and coworkers. They must not jump into their little burrows when life puts pressure on them to perform, or when their careers and/or jobs suffer setbacks.
There’s a hard lesson here that the real world is not going to coddle them when something goes wrong, their emotions are too raw, or they don’t feel like facing their responsibilities. This is a lifetime to take personal responsibility. In truth, responsibility should be their philosophy as they grow older.
Responsibility and karma - South Node in Cancers are learning that they can’t go retreat to their homes when they make a mistake, have a moment of moral weakness, and/or their life is falling apart. They must face their mistakes and discern where they made a miscalculation, why they did what they did, and make a new plan for their lives and careers.
It may be true their careers cannot bounce back completely from their gaffe (s), but it is still their responsibility to make amends, apologize, limit the damage, and to do what they can to find an alternative way to find another path and/or goal (s).
This lifetime, the universe will give them a swift karmic kick if they give in to their moral weaknesses, blame other people for their mistakes, or abuse their power. If they do take an immoral or unethical path, it is their choice to either blame and push back against the universe, or take their failures as lessons, instead of punishments.
The former could lead to a possibly negative harvest of luck in their lives. North Node in Capricorns have a great capacity to climb extremely high career mountains, but they must keep in mind the ideas of responsibility and ‘reaping what one sows’, if they wish to avoid being demoted.
Common sense vs Emotions - South Node in Cancers have a tendency to be a bit emotional about things. At best, they hold a dear regard for the past. There’s a feeling of safety and of ‘home’ when they cling to their pasts. There is nothing particularly wrong with this, because everyone has their own way of coping with their hard pasts, or just coping with reality, in general.
Our nostalgic glasses keep us from the uncertainty of the future and from the dryness of the present. It also keeps us from any pain we have suffered in our lives. At their worst, South Node in Cancers project the past, and their general points of views, in the way they feel like it. This is where they tend to bend the truth into which way they desire it to be.
South Node in Cancers need to move away from this type of emotional thinking if they desire to move forward into the future. They need to let go of living in the past or make peace with it if they feel like tapping into their North Node in Capricorn. As long as they blame their past, or obsess over it, they will fail to move forward.
At worst, the North Node in Capricorn can make enemies out of those that had no intention of being their enemy, or enemies. This is because there is a tendency to be extremely emotional (even the men) and to let their emotions and feelings lead the way.
The pains of the past can transform these South Node crabs into shrill, overemotional, overbearing, and sulky, drama kings and queens, if they’re not conscious enough of it.
North Node in Capricorns are learning to take more responsibility for their emotions, their projections, and actions, about the past. They are learning to be more earthy, practical, realistic, and honest, about the past, and reality, in general.
This is not to say that the person who hurt them (or they perceived to hurt them) couldn’t have said things in a more kind and diplomatic way, it’s just that North Node in Capricorns are learning to see what part they had in the past, or how their perceptions (real or otherwise) could have played a part in their own hurt (s) in any way.
Leadership - Life will teach North Node in Capricorns how to be a leader. They might be a leader going into politics, being a CEO, running a business, or just being a creative artist. Just being a creative artist can open itself up to being responsible for one’s art, the art’s delivery, or trusting in one’s intuition when it comes to your own creations instead of following someone else’s vision.
North Node in Capricorns are learning that responsibility, integrity, leadership, and learning from one’s mistakes, can elevate one’s life towards greater heights. They will see that they have more power than they know they have as they climb tall mountains and heights.
Perhaps North Node in Capricorn have spent many past lives curling up in a blanket (South Node in Cancer), but they now sense that perhaps they are missing out on their own true power.
There is nothing wrong with staying at home, enjoying the quiet peace, and slowing down. But North Node in Capricorns are now learning how to manifest their dreams into reality and they want to harvest their own personal paradise from their own hard work.
https://www.elsaelsa.com/astrology/interpretation-of-north-node-in-capricorn-or-the-tenth-house/
Great post and information! My son has NN in the 10H and I am excited to see him excel… I will be sharing this valuable info with him – thank you!
Ooh, good luck! He might want to cling to his mother (4th house South Node) though. But then again, I don’t know his whole chart!
He has NN 10H 16 degree Leo, so SN in Aquarius with Uranus conjunct at 16 degrees. So I am thinking more of an independence theme… Thoughts?
Wow, if he plays his cards right, he could be a star in this lifetime, Leo AND the 10th house!
He has the same Node signs and houses as my father. My father had troubles expressing himself (Leo) and troubles wanting to be in the public limelight (10th house). He LOVED staying home!
As for independence, oh yeah! He’s gonna be very independent, like an Aquarius would! Also, he might have a strong rebellious streak! Good luck!
Any insight on how this north node in Capricorn would manifest in the 12th house? I read many descriptions about the Node in signs and in houses separately but it’s very hard (for me) to have a full picture about this node because it’s in the 12th.
A career (Capricorn) in art (12th house) or something creative?? A career (Capricorn) in spirituality (12th house)?
A career (Capricorn) working behind the scenes (12th house)??
Thank you! I feel I am not a creative person at all. Chiron also in leo** Neptune in rx 1st house capricorn is just an awkward influence but I am surely perceptive/ receptive of art especially music. But working behind the scenes sounds actually great!
What about working in service of others/a career to benefit the downtrodden? Ambition to improve the world perhaps by working alone on a private level. Working on your ambitious work reputation at home or in private..
Thank you for replying! Yes, I have lots of planets in psychic/private houses so I guess it can be a good direction.
I was thinking about this placement (cap NN in 12th ) as a contradiction because 12th house is so…structurless, about letting go, living ”outside” this world and capricorn is all about structure, not giving up and well, society, social ladder. Guess capricorn also has that myth about half goat, half mermaid with it’s spiritual side but pondering too much about it, gave me a headache more than a conclusion.
The thing is I think Capricorn is about building something and 12th house is about dissolution and spirituality and stuff (I can’t stop listening to Pete Holmes who is an Aries with Mercury/Mars/Uranus in Pisces in aspect to Neptune).
These aren’t opposed, it depends on what you’re trying to build and if you’re shying away from ambition or refusing to understand what it means.
12th house can refer to “living off the grid,” but also to “giving up your work (Capricorn) for the greater good”, and giving over your talent for service. Living off the grid and building a house in the woods is a 12th house Capricorn thing, but so is a career (Capricorn) assisting the downtrodden (12th house) while alone (12th house). Or being a pastor, hospice worker, addiction counselor, or a therapist that works from home (12th house.)
I have friends who have Capricorn involved with Neptune. My friend has a huge stellium in Capricorn (Moon/Mercury/Uranus/Neptune I believe) and is a heavily Neptunian person, he is an artist from 7 years old and lives and works alone. He is brilliant. He built it up from nothing. And he has a very mystical perspective.
Plenty of possible outcomes/ careers with this placement, that’s great. Was looking at it through black/white googles. I also have the capricorn stellium but just asc,moon,uranus and neptune with saturn further in aquarius. But well, there are talented, madly creative people and then there are those who aren’t. You were also saying your sun’s in 5th? 🙂 that’s nice. All people I know with this have a creative hobby going on. What a hearty position. Mine is in 4th, very under-water like.
Hmm with that much Aquarius, self employment, freelancing, or changing jobs frequently is nice.. to create a free life you can stand behind. What house is it in again? With that much Aquarius you may not like me “telling you what to do,” but I’m trying to throw some suggestions into the air to get some ideas flowing and crack open your 12th house..
You may want to create a financially independent, free, yet stable life on your own terms that is solid and maturely liberated (Aquarius Saturn).. it can also mean maintaining many side projects or being able to leave and switch around jobs, or even self sufficiency of any kind.
As for me, Chiron puts a real damper on the 5th house Sun and also I have a weird volatile t square related to it. But I really enjoy helping others shine if I can sometimes 🙂 Right now my task is mobilizing my Mars in Capricorn in the 12th and I haven’t been winning at this at all.
Oh no, What I wrote can be easily misinterpreted 🙁 I meant I have a capricorn stellium in 1st house with ascendant, moon, uranus and neptune. Stop. Then I have saturn in aquarius still in 1st house but in aquarius, involved in fixed t-squares.
It’s funny, even if I seem very traditional, it’s not like I want a certain path, and I have been searching information about off the grid life-style before but always thought that was because my chart ruler is in aquarius and also aquarius rules my 2nd house. I do value my freedom but it doesn’t appear like it at all, with all this capricorn and saturn in 1st I appear very constricted, stern and limited, but yes, there’s a very powerful wish of being free, at least mentally or on a soul level.
Mhm, mars in 12th can be hard but when it moves it’s unstoppable because it’s like a warrior moving at the same pace with the timing of the universe. Basically I think it can get lots of things done but when the focus is on a more collective goal and not on a single-person goal. Oh, and could also make you a great artistic dancer.
I hope so, x-rayed. I’m def not a dancer.. but for me maybe “giving my Mars away” is the only solution (i have placements in the 6th house).. I’m really dazzled by MLK and Malcolm X (Aries NN in the 3rd)
Chiron in Leo is tough.. :/ however, with Chiron, (should be in your 7th house) depending on the aspects, we can awaken the creativity in others on a one on one basis or also in our partners. Art therapy might be an interesting career, perhaps.. or I think massage therapy.. but I don’t know you, a career counselor would be best. Also, with 12th house Capricorn south node, working on using your subconscious for the benefit of others.
Yes, chiron is in 7th, sextile sun and trine mars. I can encourage people to do things I could never do because I am too earthy (as in sports, being more assertive, trying a new experience) they usually react to me better than their own teacher or their coach. But as for art, not sure if I can inspire anyone with art…it’s painful to feel uncreative. But yes, the asteroid explains this. 🙂
There are a lot of teaching and coaching professions about encouraging people or getting them to face the pain regarding self expression or being full-hearted (Leo) in relationships.. marriage counseling, working with children/adolescents or people stuck in boring desk jobs, etc.
A lot of remote coaching certifications out there. There is a way to use your Chiron to “lance the boil” and help others deal with the pain you understand, nah mean? It’s a tough gig. I have Sun/Chiron in the 5th. I have it exactly the other way around. Cancer NN and Capricorn SN. I’m really ready for some softness in my life.
What house is it in? Have you ever taken care of others or yourself in a private setting? What thread count are your sheets? Weird question since I don’t know you, but do you have any kids/have you worked with kids? How often do you see your family? Getting a monthly massage might be a nice start to a self care routine.
Has Pluto in Capricorn had a negative impact on Capricorn North Nodes? I wonder because Pluto squared all my 10th house Libra, including North Node, and it has destroyed all my desire to build a career or climb any ladders. Seeing the inside of an organization now is like watching sausage being made.
Also, we live in an age now where no one wears suits anymore unless they’re in court, and you see pajamas in Walmart, so who cares about stupid dress-up clothes? (I feel stupid every time I dress up for anything. I’m just playing a part! Who am I trying to impress, anyway?)
Also, the Node Node is currently in Cancer now. Peter Monn on YouTube is now being accused of being a “social climber”. He’s trying to build his channels and some people find it disgusting. Well….he’s a Capricorn North Node. So following his destiny and trying to grow on YouTube is wrong?? Are those of us who have a 10th house or Capricorn North Node supposed to live out Cancerian values and temporarily abandon Capricorn values?
Heehee! You can definitely do your North Node wrong. Like one of the mass shooters, Omar Mateen, had North Node in Aries in the 11th House! He used violence ( Aries) to kill groups of people (11th house) at a homosexual club. You can definitely overdo, or do your North Node totally wrong. Like a North Node in a Virgo can become a micromanaging control freak!
Wild! You have just described my mother. She had South Node exactly conjoined her Sun in late Cancer – and she had a stellium of five planets in Cancer, too, right across my Ascendant. Interestingly, her Capricorn North Node conjoined my Mars. I’m an artist by profession.
Sorry if I’m not getting it. So, was she more Cancer or Capricorn? She was very Cancerian – you’ve described her South Node qualities to a T. I may have expressed her North Node potential more!
One of my family members exemplified the worst traits of his Cancer South Node. Shrill, controlling, passive aggressive, overemotional. He keeps getting stuck in life and then wonders why. He keeps losing friends and wonders why. He’s not following his life path and it bites him in the nose. Actually, he bites himself in the nose.
I have north node Capricorn in the eleventh. It certainly isn’t easy leaving my cosy cancerian south, but I am trying as I do agree that the north is where I belong.
I’ll buy you a desk and chair instead of a water bed. There! Hopefully my education will assist in propelling me north. I’ve certainly approached studying in a very Capricorn way.
This resonates so much! Mine is in 10th house Taurus! Any advice, suggestions, insight? 🙂 Career-wise I’m at a standstill, overwhelmed, and unfortunately did return to my family instead of facing what I should have head on. A mistake (though I’m so grateful and love them dearly).
I have a Capricorn Sun & Jupiter conjunction (6th House) and my north node trines both planets. The kicker is natal Saturn sitting right on top, tightly conjunct my South Node. Thank you!
We don’t have your whole chart but it is hard to push Taurus and it is pretty fixed, but you have this Cardinal energy.
What kind of career are you doing? The 6th house is about service and with Capricorn in the 6th and Taurus in the 10th, you must work toward steadily building a great career and reputation (as well as a stable financial base) that includes *service*. 6th house also rules daily life and Capricorn rules larger goals and challenges. What kind of challenges and broader vision have you set for yourself? What mountain are you climbing and what are you building?
I’m projecting, but I think 6th house strong people have their health (any problems with back, bones, or teeth?) take a dive *when they are not helping people or being useful*. Saturn is on your South Node in Scorpio demanding that you deeply consider your priorities and stop being a wimp about *who you really want to be in this life* and how to build an adult foundation to a career you can stand behind.
My projection is that you don’t like your career trajectory or need to rethink it. (I don’t know your age.) I don’t know that your family is gonna give you ideas and help you focus. I think writing down a list of minor and major goals and working toward them on a daily basis can only help. Otherwise, can try to literally climb a mountain/do a fitness challenge like the Tough Mudder to get some fresh ideas 🙂 This is inferior to really considering your ideals.
My question is, what do you want your daily life to look like? Who do you want to help? *What are your passions?* Any idea? Depends on where your Mars is placed. Saturn demands that we make small steps every day to become accountable, responsible adults. It feels really burdensome. Rather than be paralyzed with fear.
I only know one career counselor (google Get Unstuck.) I suggest some regular exercise (yoga, mountain climbing, or meditation) to get the juices flowing along with massages and things. But a career counselor and financial planner can help. Please make sure you are working toward a career you can stand behind.
The career counselor’s name is Nicole Orisich.
Kri, you should be a life coach! Your insights show a real talent. I have Jupiter in the 6th, trine Aries Midheaven – nothing to do with the discussion at hand – but your post has got me thinking, too.
Thanks, SC! These days I’ve been doing some hobby astrology and really enjoying giving people tips. I have an Aries NN and this Mars Pluto transit.. so sometimes I get a breather from what’s going on with me by giving someone else something to chew on.
Problem is me pushing my agenda and “helpful hints” and not always listening to the person and how they explain their problems or redirect the conversation and shaping the advice for that.. I tend to be like this is my take this is my whole range of possibilities i am offering for you to consider, take it or leave it
Be very practical. Taurus and the 10th house are extremely grounded signs/houses, rooted in 3D reality!
Your South Node is in Scorpio, in the 4th house. So you probably have a very emotional nature to you. And you might be a very private person. There’s nothing wrong with those things, because your intuition might be very strong!
Now you must mix your intuition and emotions with practicality. Use your intuition (Scorpio/4th house) in a grounded way (Taurus) to face the world (10th house). Since your North Node is in the 10th house, I would check your 10th house/Mid-heaven sign, it might give you a clue as to what your career might entail (although it is no guarantee). Good luck!
Don’t know if you’re an Oprah fan, or not. But you have the exact same North Node as Oprah Winfrey!
I’m so confused! I have north node in cancer but it’s in the 10th house, with south node Capricorn in the 4th house. All the googling i’ve done shows the reverse of me, such as in your article. What should I make of my NN in Cancer being in the 10th house? Any info would be SO appreciated!!
First of all, relax and breath. Second, if you have the North Node in Cancer, in the 10th house, you’re supposed to balance the two energies, like juggling two balls! It’s like trying to balance being Cancer-like and Capricorn-like (10th house).
If you’re too much like a Cancer, it won’t work out well. If you’re too much like your 10th house (Capricorn-like energy), it won’t work out well either. It’s all about balance!
But astrology aside, follow your intuition, it will tell you if you’re too Cancer, or too 10th house-y. Good luck!
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100008470757951
I just got into astrology recently since I feel really lost. My North node (Capricorn) is in 9th house. Not quite sure what that means and I’m still figuring out how to tie it with my chosen profession as an artist. If anyone has some advice on this, I’m all ears.
You’re already following your North Node! You’re planning a chosen profession or career as an artist. Capricorn is the sign of career. Congratulations, you’re already headed North!
https://www.elsaelsa.com/astrology/interpretation-of-north-node-in-capricorn-or-the-tenth-house/
The bat symbolism, in this case, is almost always putting you on notice of a significant change in your life. Explicitly, you are being asked to pay attention to the signs that are surrounding you. In this case, these clues could be physical, mental, emotional or spiritual.
Bat symbolism signifies the death of some part of you that no longer serves your higher calling. Therefore, follow through on new ideas, hunches and even emotions that are unfamiliar to you. In essence, this change may be somewhat painful if you forestall it. However, be aware that if you embrace it, the universe will make every attempt to make these changes as easy as possible for you.
Occasionally the bat meaning can be that this animal is reminding you to continue to pursue your spiritual growth by letting go of your ego. You can do this by renewing your thoughts and beliefs on a regular basis, doing inner work, loving your enemies unconditionally, and nurturing personal growth in all its forms. Furthermore, your bat meaning is reminding you that if you remain in the present, all things will become clear.
Sometimes bat symbolism can mean that you are allowing your fears to overwhelm you. The creature is reminding you that you have nothing to fear, but “fear” itself.
Bat Totem, Spirit Animal
People with the bat totem are generally highly sensitive to, and extremely aware of their surroundings. They have a powerful ability to see through illusions. Also, they tend to dive straight into the heart of matters, are extremely social and have strong family ties. For the most part, they are nurturing, have excellent communications skills and use their sense of touch as part of communicating.
The folks with this totem are also cleverly adaptable. They continuously check everything out for, their responsibilities and required resources so that the can be most effective in their day to day lives. Bat spirit animal people are very perceptive on a psychic level and are prone to having prophetic dreams. Overall, bat totem folks are also highly adaptable to any situation in which they find themselves. Those of you with the “flying fox” spirit animal totem of this species should also study the Fox.
Similar to above, a bat dream can be a symbol of rebirth and unrealized potential. The vision is letting you know that the current path you are on is not very compatible with your new growth and new goals. Furthermore, it may also be a message that you are blindly entering some unknown situation or deal. In other words, you need to evaluate the facts more carefully.
Then again, to see this mammal in your dream can represent uncleanness, personal demons and or annoyances. In fact, you must take the time to allow yourself to let go of old habits.
A white bat dream may signify the death of a family member, or the transformation of family members addiction. If the mammal is black, it may be an omen of personal disaster. When the species is a vampire, it is usually symbolic of something in your life that is draining you of your self-confidence, your energy, and your resources.
In Chinese folklore seeing five of these creatures in your dream is a symbol of good health, happiness, longevity, peace, and wealth. Occasionally, the dream may also be a pun on feeling “batty” or feeling crazy. The vision may also portend a crisis within your immediate family. The emphasis is that it may fall on your shoulders to sort it out.
https://www.spirit-animals.com/bat-symbolism/
North Node in Capricorn is your life purpose and soul mission, according to karmic astrology. Capricorn symbolizes the EMOTIONAL RESPONSES, ATTITUDES and ENERGY to adopt throughout your life.
Karmic astrology is a spiritual approach to astrology. I've created THREE STEPS to living your life purpose, outlined below.
If you want to go deeper, book a private karmic astrology session with me. I work with people who sincerely want to live a life with purpose, awakening their heart and working with their soul instead of struggling against it.
Step one: Appreciate your Cancer talents
Your vulnerability and home-loving nurturing side is natural to you.
The first step in claiming your North Node in Capricorn is to embody the highest expression of Cancer (opposite to Capricorn). Cancer represents your karmic past. So definitely appreciate — but! Don't make your Cancer qualities the centre of your life.
Celebrate your nurturing, sensitive side, your desire to protect those you love and your ability to create a secure home. Prepare yummy food and love your kitchen.
Enjoy the quiet of nature and time on the water and allow it to feed your creativity. Explore your maternal side. Be a great mom (or sweet dad) if you have kids. Value the family you’ve created (this includes soul family).
Study Cancer to understand its highest potential, and choose to live that, holding its energies ever so lightly. To live a life with purpose: this is your first step.
Step two: Own your Cancer karma
Careful of moodiness, using family as an excuse and clinging to the past.
With a North Node in Capricorn, your karma is around how you’ve used emotion to manipulate, control or smother others. There’s also karma around codependence in relationships, or needing to be needed. In this lifetime, you are to cease seeing the world through rose-coloured glasses and step into a life of true responsibility.
In past lifetimes, you were a mom, a stay at home wife, a sailor, a chef or cook, or an abandoned child. You might have been an overly emotional and dependent woman, or one who had an unhealthy desire to be needed. Have you attracted emotional, depressed, child-like people in your life? There’s your clue!
The shadow side of Cancer has to do with emotional dependencies and a fear of leaving the nest. Funny thing, when you do willingly take on more responsibility, your emotional needs are taken care of.
Step three: Step into your Capricorn soul mission
Create traditions. Cultivate logic. Wear earth tones (your soul colour).
Capricorn is supremely grounded, the rock that others count on. It has impeccable integrity, a business-like attitude and excels at using material resources. It’s conservative, traditional, economical and great at managing money.
With a North Node in Capricorn soul mission, you are to channel your natural heart energy into building something that others can use. You’re here to willingly shoulder great responsibility and (possibly) leave a legacy in the world.
No matter how foreign this sounds to you, this is the energy to step into over the course of your lifetime. In past Cancer lifetimes, you have fully developed your ability to know and express your maternal vulnerability. A North Node in Capricorn asks you to step into spiritual adulthood, outside the nest. Capricorn works on a number of levels:
First, as father to yourself
Then (possibly) as father to another
Finally, as the universal father who offers wisdom, support and shelter for the children of this earth who need it.
To manifest your desires, explore honour, tradition and integrity. Also, focus on being emotionally stable, logical and impeccably dependable. More than any other sign, Capricorn indicates a relationship based on traditional values (your preference, of course).
Be impeccably loyal, because Capricorn is also a rock-solid and reliable friend. Your soulmate partner will help you bring out your strong, silent side and — and will also love your private soft heart as well.
The house where your Capricorn soul mission expresses itself, is the area of life where you will most benefit from willingly taking on great responsibility. It’s also where you may leave a legacy for others in need.
https://www.karenmblack.com/north-node-in-capricorn.html
People with the North Node in Capricorn may have lived many of their past lives in the feminine realm of Cancer, which is their South Node and have been the ones who are taking care of others.
However, during this lifetime, they’re only learning how to be self-sufficient because they’re becoming providers. They mustn’t spend too much time in the corporate world, nonetheless because this can have their soul depleted of energy
North Node in Capricorn in a nutshell:
Strengths: Intuitive, disciplined and observant;
Challenges: Distracted and stubborn;
Celebrities: Julie Andrews, Denzel Washington, Gwyneth Paltrow, Emma Roberts;
Dates: Oct 10, 1953 – Apr 2, 1955; Apr 28, 1972 – Oct 27, 1973; Nov 19, 1990 – Aug 1, 1992; Aug 22, 2009 – Mar 3, 2011; March 27, 2028 – September 23, 2029.
Discipline can bring them a sense of accomplishment - Those with the North Node in Capricorn possess a lot of creativity and a strong intuition, so they need to use their gifts in order to make their dreams come true.
It’s possible for them to resist any schedule because they simply don’t like to have their life structured. If sticking to a plan that’s all about taking care of themselves, they can have the most beautiful life.
Many of the famous TV hosts have their North Node in Capricorn, as well life coaches, good chefs and true professionals.
Because they also have their South Node in Cancer, they’re struggling with their diet and can eat too much due to emotional reasons.
At their worst, they can make enemies out of those who had in any way an intention to be their opponents.
This is happening because they have too strong feelings and are allowing what’s in their heart to take over. All the sufferings from their past can turn them into people who have too strong emotions and are shaking when dealing with an issue.
These people can be really dramatic if not paying attention to the way they’re acting. They’re only learning to be more responsible when it comes to their emotions, what they’re projecting and the way they’re acting, especially when it comes to matters of the past.
These natives are only trying to be more down-to-earth and sincere when it comes to what they’ve gone through, as well to discover reality as it is.
Those with the North Node in Capricorn are evolving when organizing. During this lifetime, they’re all about having the right responsibilities, meaning their soul always knows what to do.
Feeling deeply fulfilled can come for them when they’re disciplined and ready to support themselves. Just like those with the North Node in Virgo or Taurus, they’re spiritually developing and making all this practical.
Their drive is coming from the fact that they’re ambitious and determined to achieve great things in life. The expression of their soul is motivating them to have great goals and to work hard at making their dreams a reality.
As said before, those born with their North Node in the sign of Capricorn should advance in life by being disciplined. More than this, they have to be responsible for themselves, especially when their soul is asking them to.
The current lifetime is meant for them to be about responsibilities because their soul is asking them to be this way.
In order for them to feel fulfilled, they need to as well to rely only on themselves and to be organized. When being able to identify the matters and the structures that are meant to make them life their life properly, they really are taking the right direction.
Just like other North Nodes belonging to the Earth element, like the ones in Virgo or Taurus, those in Capricorn are meant for spiritual development and at the same time for allowing practicality.
They’re about being positive when it comes to achievements and motivation. The expression of people with the North Node in Capricorn is motivating them to set decent goals for themselves and to work very hard in order to make their dreams come true.
These people need to rely on their own integrity and to be ethical. This is how their inner compass should function.
The more they’re controlling and taking care of themselves, the more they can approach their objectives and learn from the past, turning all of their fantasies into reality.
During past lives or when they were young, they were probably worried with how their life was going and not paid too much attention to what they wanted to do, being too involved in the emotional side of life.
They may have been moody and had a dependency on others, which wasn’t in any way healthy for them.
Their present finds them as the ones who have to take care of their own life, but also by being independent.
At the mercy of karma - If they’re setting the happiest and most attainable goals for themselves, these people can be ready to have them fulfilled, but only by no longer being scared of getting rejected and by identifying what they need to do in order to be great leaders or persons with authority.
All this can have them feeling like new people because they may have spent their previous lives as domestic persons and identified themselves with the role in their family.
They may still have to deal with some karma during this lifetime, but they’re always ready to do what’s right because they’re responsible and not at all gullible.
This lifetime is finding them to be creators and the keepers of what’s of value. They’re respecting traditions and can find the right opportunities to surprise others.
Many are seeing their integrity and the way they trust as something that’s offering them the position of leaders they so much deserve. Since they’re serious and have ethics, they can feel like others are not giving them the attention they so much need, meaning they should identify ways of expressing themselves in the most creative manner, as well of identifying their most devoted friends to motivate them.
People with the North Node in Capricorn are enjoying more respect and love than they’re giving themselves credit for.
Life can always show them the best ways on how they can be leaders, meaning they can succeed in politics or managerial roles. They can also be entrepreneurs or artists.
It would be interesting for them to have this last-mentioned job because they’d open themselves more to the art and what it can deliver.
More than this, they should trust their intuition when looking at what they’ve created because their vision can be the right one.
People with the North Node in Capricorn are all the time understanding that responsibilities, honor and their skills to rule must be learned from making mistakes.
This is the only way for them to reach the highest peaks in life. They can see that their power is increasing when they have to deal with challenges.
Maybe during their past lives, they’ve only been too domestic due to their South Node in the sign of Cancer, but during this one, they’re feeling like they no longer have what it takes.
It’s okay to stay home and live a peaceful life too. However, their North Node in Capricorn is helping them learn how to make their dreams come true and how to obtain what they need from their hard work and the paradise they’ve created for themselves.
These natives want to always be seen as serious people. They shouldn’t avoid work and hide behind a hard shell, just because the world seems tough.
More than this, they’re trying to make something perfect out of how they’re interacting with their public. These natives have a strong urge to have their North Node valued, meaning they like to take good care of themselves and to look good.
As a matter of fact, they should be worried about the way they’re looking because this is helping them to be more confident and elegant, as well charming and mannered.
North Node in Capricorn natives need to learn how to collaborate with the people in their professional life. They shouldn’t just jump to do the small things if feeling pressured to perform, or when facing some setbacks in their career.
In fact, they need to learn that the world is not going to adapt to them when things aren’t taking the right direction.
These people’s emotions are sometimes too much, or perhaps they’re feeling like they have too many responsibilities. However, the more they’re getting old, the more they should learn how to deal with what they need to do.
When taking advantage of all the best manifestations of the South Node in Cancer, people with this placement at their birth can discover there are some tendencies that are left behind.
These tendencies may have something to do with the way they’re reacting and handling manipulation.
For example, they can be too intuitive and sometimes feel like they can no longer deal with reality, or they may refuse to open up to each and every of their emotion, which can be very dangerous for them.
These North Node Capricorns should trust their intuition and respect their own pace. Things may turn out to be just fine for them.
The purpose of their soul is to build a life for themselves, as well to become business owners or perfect at what they’re doing for a living. In other words, they need to fuel their ambition.
They’re keen on becoming wise as they’re growing older, but they need to spend some time alone in order to have the proper knowledge of what they’re supposed to do in life.
The natives with the North Node in Capricorn can leave behind their dependence for their family, just to be the ones who are well seen in the public eye.
They can achieve great things, no matter what they may decide to do for a living, but they should remember how to live in the world, not necessarily to become a part of it.
Their shadow is about not setting some limits between their self and their family or business life. Their purpose is to establish a relation of dependence with others while keeping their integrity.
https://i.thehoroscope.co/north-node-in-capricorn-the-diligent-worker/
The nodes (south and north node) are two points in an astrological chart that possess priceless information about one's karmic past and soul-destined future.
Calculated by using the birth data of the individual, the nodes symbolize the unique life path that one is on and can answer many questions about his own, as well as his partner's, inner struggles and desires -- answers that can transform not only his relationship but his life.
Since there are twelve signs of the zodiac, there are also twelve unique nodal positions -- each pair of nodes (north and south) representing two opposite signs of the zodiac. For instance, a Capricorn sign north node is paired with an Cancer sign south node because they are opposites. And because they are opposites, they create a clear picture of the dualistic struggle that resides within the Capricorn north node/Cancer south node individual.
Often, the individual is unaware of the war taking place inside, a situation that could go on for years. As time passes he is dumfounded by his inability to progress in life - professionally, emotionally, and spiritually. He doesn't understand why he keeps repeating the same mistakes over and over again and continues to dwell on the past as he desperately dreams of the future.
All of us have our own set of visible (and invisible) struggles to work through -- obstacles that the nodes of the noon can help us isolate and resolve while simultaneously freeing us to move forward on our destined path.
We all know that knowledge is power...and that's why I offer a bit of it to you...to give you the strength and courage you need to not only live, but thrive.
This week I'd like to begin with a brief overview of the Capricorn sign north node/Cancer sign south node position.
To start, let's take a look at some keywords. These words describe the polarity between these two opposing signs and can offer you a glimpse of the soul journey that the individual with this nodal position is on.
Just remember that the south node represents the comfortable but not necessarily healthy habits within your personality - patterns that have accumulated over lifetimes that now need to be acknowledged and released. The north node, on the other hand, represents your soul's potential - the direction of the future...the behavioral habits that will lead you to greater happiness and the kind of life that you will find fulfilling.
Here are a few Cancer sign south node traits that should be put to rest, sort of speak, if the individual with this nodal position is to live an emotionally rich life:
Overly-sensitive, crabby, manipulative, obsessed with past, clingy, childish, overly-reserved, smothering, insecure, negative, easily hurt.
Here are a few Capricorn sign north node traits that this individual might at first find foreign but eventually will need to embrace if he is to connect to his true soul potential and live the life he was meant to live:
Self-sufficient, responsible, wise, ambitious, hardworking, conservative, meticulous, enterprising, economical, disciplined, committed, goal-oriented.
The journey from a Cancer sign south node to a Capricorn sign north node will not be easy. But then again, neither is anything else in life that’s worth doing.
Obstacles are simply strategically placed hurdles meant to remind us of our inner strength and hidden needs. Therefore, as long as the Capricorn sign north node individual remembers that his soul is creating the kind of life he needs in order to evolve as a spiritual individual, he will make it through the transformation just fine.
The following are some of the hurdles that the Capricorn north node individual must overcome in order to live up to his potential;
He must learn how to become a mature individual; responsible for his actions and able to take care of his own needs
He must stop living behind rose-colored glasses
He must stop being overly-dependent on others
He must realize that clinging to the past will no longer provide the comfort and nurturance he so desperately needs
He must understand that certain un-welcomed life events are simply there to help him transform from a “child” to an adult
He must protect himself from absorbing the problems of the world because all they do is drain him of his life force
He must learn to let go
He must learn to accept loss and find peace in the creation of his present
For only when the Capricorn sign north individual masters the lessons mentioned above, will he be able to create the existence he seeks.
The north node path is offering the Capricorn sign soul an opportunity to acquire wisdom, strength, and self-reliance. However, it is still up to the individual to decide whether he will accept the gift.
Having said all that, it might not be such a bad idea for the Capricorn sign soul to surround himself with as many people and symbols that can support his journey. By encircling himself with people who understand him and symbols that exude the Capricorn sign energy, he invites the support needed to follow his internal voice and path to fulfillment.
Now, if you’re reading this article and it's your mate that has the Capricorn sign north node, and you do that for your mate, well...that's just about the greatest gift that you could ever give him/or her.
Why? Well, because there's nothing like the feeling one gets when he realizes that he has found someone who really gets him -- a true friend...lover...and the irreplaceable soul companion he's been searching for his entire life.
http://www.romantic-ideas-for-life.com/capricorn-sign-article.html
A dream of cats is a link to your feminine side and is associated with females. Cats are normally represented as part of nature and this is demonstrative in femininity or womanhood in your life - whether you are male or female.
Cats are very self-sufficient, so your dream may be connected to independence, womanly instincts, originality, and supremacy. Unfortunately, a cat dream may also indicate difficult times or bad luck.
Cats are notorious for playing, hunting and reaching out in the dark to find their prey. If you are a cat lover then this dream can signify that you are going to have more insight in daily life. Sometimes, if the cat is featured in a dream it can be somewhat confusing as to understand the true meaning.
Cats are considered somewhat crepuscular as they are active between dawn and dusk. If a cat isn’t grooming themselves or playing, the chances are high that the cat is sleeping.
As most cats generally sleep up to 16 hours a day they are most active in the middle of the night. Ironically they spend almost ALL of their time sleeping. Let's move onto the actual meaning of a cat in your dream! Unfortunately, as outlined above a cat dream may also be connected to difficult times or bad luck.
A cat featured in your dream can also be connected to the Egyptian cat goddess, which is associated with two-sides: nature and personality. To dream of the domestic cat, commonly kept as a pet can often appear in the dream state when we have strong internal emotions.
Freud and Jung have associated dreams of cats with our hidden subconscious mind. This dream is extremely common and the famous psychologist Carl Jung believed that if you experienced a dream about a cat then you need to review your own inner thoughts.
Carl Jung also believed that if you experienced a dream you need to look within your own sense of subconscious in order to find the true meaning. We have packed all dreams associated with cats below including:
Detailed dream interpretation: Do you own cats? Are you a cat lover in real life? If you are having a dream about cats then there is much attached to the subconscious dream. From a spiritual symbolism cats have been associated with the ability to see and hear things hidden.
This may be due to the fact that cats have fantastic night vision, and this enables them to adapt to different light sources. The cat from a mythical perspective is connected to our own inner courage. In older dream dictionaries the interpretation of a cat dream is the requirement to try to understand what is in front of us. The dream of cats can also signifies a balance between two people.
There are many different qualities that a cat portrays. Therefore if you dream of a cat then this indicates that this is a strongly symbolic dream which is representative of your own independence, relaxation, the ability to see things in front of you, and finally the unconscious mind.
Children love cats, especially cuddling kittens and if you see a child holding or petting a cat in the dream this can be associated with the valuable experience in the near future. Adopting a cat in a dream indicates that you will soon communicate and exchange ideas with others. It can also suggest hidden wisdom.
There are many fairy tales in folklore surrounding cats. We only need to look at the famous tale of puss in boots and also the fairy book the colony of cats. There has been much mythical symbolism of cats which were extremely popular in Egyptian times.
The cat is generally recognised as being connected to our own hidden control, wisdom, sexuality and also good or bad luck. From a superstition perspective black cat is considered lucky especially for crosses your path.
A dream of an aggressive cat may show that someone in your life is untrustworthy or disloyal to you. An aggressive cat may represent issues with the female side of your personality, and can predict that you will soon be dealing with a catty person in your life.
A dream with a fluffy cat shows that you are seeking a more comfortable life. It is time to take better care of yourself. If you are scratched or bitten by a cat this can mean that you are going to encounter a difficult situation with a female. If you chase the cat then this shows that obstacles are currently in your way.
A white cat signifies that you are currently experiencing difficult times. To see a black cat means that you have some hesitation in determining what you actually want out of life. If you dream of a black and white cat, it indicates that you will have some source of sadness or regret in the near future.
To see a brown tabby cat in your dream signifies that you're going to receive some important news in the near future. Dreaming of a multi-colored cat symbolizes many people working together to achieve a goal. To dream of an orange cat signifies passion for work. To dream of a miniature cat indicates that is time to stop and listen to your inner voice.
To dream of attacks by a cat is an indication that is time to move on in a relationship. This relationship has become volatile and you may end up arguing. If you're unable to move on in this relationship then it is time to sit down and try and sort out your differences.
To run after a cat indicates that you're going to find some difficulty with a project in the near future. To witness cat fights you will have enemies who will go to any extreme to dampen your reputation and to cause you loss of material possessions.
To see a hand petting and comforting the cat in your dream indicates you are likely to receive some disturbing news in the near future. Ancient dream dictionaries indicate that if the cat looks dirty this can also mean that a friend is likely to recover from a long-term illness. To hear a cat mewing indicates that you have false friends around you.
To hear the cat screaming in your dream means that somebody in the waking life has said something hurtful in the heat of the moment. Sometimes people say things in life which they simply regret or do not mean. It is up to you to forgive the person.
To dream of a kitten indicates that you are likely to be misled by others. It is very important that you try to become a leader to other people at this time. If you are in the business than this dream indicates that you need to put all efforts into making your particular business success. The reason why is because competitors are catching up with you.
To have a dream that the cat disappears in your dream, (like Alice in Wonderland) then the dream may mean that something close to you may be lost to you. It is important to seek help and guidance from other people. The missing cat may also show that it is time to give up a volatile person in your life.
To dream of a cat's collar indicates that you're going to feel constrained in the near future. To dream of a domestic pet (that you have seen in waking life) is directly connected to your comfort zone.
This dream means that you face any difficulties in your life with power and ease. In addition, to see a cat which is currently dead in waking life is a subconscious sign for you to take notice of your inner feelings and interests. It is time to release your emotions.
To dream of a farm cat or to see cats on a farm is a direct association with the environment you are in. It is time to go back to nature, and perhaps take a holiday in the countryside. If the cat has no tail, you no longer have independence and self-control. A dream of cat food indicates the right possibilities and opportunities on the horizon.
A dream about a playful cat indicates the need for social acceptance. If a cat talks to you in a dream, it is very important for you to make peace with your inner self or your inner femininity. To see a cat that is ill or to dream of taking a cat to a vet indicates that is now time to your yourself and enjoy your life while you are well.
To be chased by a cat in your dream indicates that someone will be suggesting a better way for you to approach a problem. To see a talking cat in your dream denotes that you have the ability to change things at work, it will just take time. To be scratched by a cat denotes that times are going to be difficult for a while.
What does a stray cat in a dream mean? maybe a pitiful stray cat made your heart melt in a dream? The stray cat featured in a dream indicates that you had to fend for yourself for some time.
It can indicate you feel alone and that people have not been supportive of you. If you feed a stray cat in a dream then commonly this is connected to possible chaos in your life. It is very similar to starting a new without any bitterness and disillusionment from the past.
To house a stray cat in your dream indicates that you are letting your head all your heart. If the cat showed any form of illness such as internal parasites, rabies, fleas or serious disease in the dream then this suggests that you will not get the support that you are looking for long-term.
If the stray cat attacked you in a dream and this indicates that need to put your safety first in any situation in regards to the financial side of life. If you are subconsciously a cat lover in the waking world then it is not uncommon t to dream of a stray cat.
Regardless, of how the stray cat is featured the symbolic meaning is that you are not supported. If you provided food and water for the stray cat in the dream then this indicates that you need to shut yourself away from others.
To see the stray cat go through garbage in your dream indicates that a new start is on the horizon. If you took the stray cat in your home then this can indicate that you are looking for support in life. As the cat represents wisdom in this cat is lost this can also be a hit in dream meaning.
What is the general dream meaning about seeing a cat? As we have already concluded in the opening paragraphs the cat represents wisdom, hidden visions, control, power and the ability to see clearly. This is a general dream interpretation. For the cat to be aggressive in the dream it can be connected to having difficulty with a female in waking life.
The cat significance can also be associated with your feminine side of life. To meet a cat in your dream who is angry or attacks you can often represent somebody who is somewhat untrustworthy. If the cat is able to communicate will speak to you in a dream it suggests you’re going to have power over people in a work context.
If the cat has any type of diseases always poorly in a dream then this illustrates the fact that you need to take care of yourself. To see a cat peering through the window ledge or in a tree during the dream suggests that you are going to have more self-belief and realistic expectations in the future.
You are going to try to inspire others and feel wanted again. If you are scratched by the cat or you see their claws then this can suggest that you are approaching a crossroads in life. To see the cat peeing in a dream suggests an ill thought out idea.
What do cats drinking in a dream mean? If you notice that your cat is drinking water in the dream and this can be associated with your own emotions from the spiritual and symbolic perspective. If the cat drinks from the toilet or bathtub in a dream, not from a dish then this suggests that other people are going to play with your emotions.
Feeding a cat in a dream is positive and good luck will follow. If the cat was drinking milk in a dream or you provided food and water for the cat then this can suggest that something needs to be proven in your life. To see a cat in a collar indicates your conscious goal to be creative. This is especially associated with your own identity.
Make sure that you are securely attached to your goals in life. Finding a lost cat in the dream state illustrates the wisdom may have been lost for some time. It provokes anxiety because you feel less secure. This will return in time. Cat food in a dream is connected to feeding your emotions and relaxing in life.
Kittens in a dream: We all love kittens! They are cuddly, soft, and remind us of the innocent part of life so what happens if you see a kitten in your dream? They are connected to not only peace and tranquillity but also the need for human comfort.
A dream of kittens can also mean that you need to control your own path in life. It can suggest that you have been wrapped up in cotton wool. It is time to move forward in life and focus on new beginnings and possibilities the kitten implies are childlike enthusiasm for life.
This dream can also indicate a new adventure or look for new answers to possibilities. Maybe you have been thinking deeply recently a new phase in life. It is the point in time where you are and afraid to venture into the unknown.
What does it mean to dream of seeing an angry or aggressive cat in the dream? As we have already concluded cats symbolize independence and wisdom. We all need private time. To see the cat become angry and annoyed in a dream illustrates that people are taking too much from you.
To see a cat clawing you or biting you in a dream can be connected to feeling trapped in a situation. You need to understand the responsibilities of caring for others, but also the time to care for yourself. If the cat clawed or scratched you during the dream then this can suggest that you need to care more about your family.
The cat in the dream is in a dangerous situation: We have all seen the news television programmes of the cat stuck in the tree, the Fire Brigade rushing and then suddenly the cat just jumps down!
To see the cat be rescued in a dream illustrates that you are feeling behind at work. This dream can also imply that you have a somewhat immature attitude towards your professional abilities. There is much more that you can achieve if the cat was lost or stolen in your dream. This is not a negative omen but normally appears when you need to trust your heart - you can do better in life.
Stolen cat in dreams: It is always quite disturbing when we dream of something being stolen or taken away from us. We love our pets dearly, the cuddles, the time and care that we put into the relationship and to have our cat stolen indicates that something feels lost in your current life. This dream can also suggest that you shouldn’t be fooled by your own motivations. Be free and let yourself enjoy life more.
You cannot find your cat anywhere in a dream and the cat is missing: To dream that your cat is missing and you cannot find your cat in the dream state relates heavily to the behaviour of those around you. It reveals you are bound by your own fears or beliefs in various situations in life. It can also indicate that you are blinded and you cannot see the dangers ahead of you.
This is due to the fact that the cat symbolizes hidden vision from a spiritual perspective. You’re going to have to fight in order to gain the power. You should not feel that this is a negative dream it is in fact positive.
Wild cat in a dream: The wildcats in a dream is associated with meeting a resolution in life, spiritually to see wild cats on different terrains indicates that you’re going to admire other people. If the wildcat attacked you in a dream then this indicates that you need to look at your natural environment and perhaps take a holiday or change your environment somewhat.
Cat poop or cat litter in a dream: To see or smell cat litter or poo in a dream can be quite an unusual dream to have. To eat cat poop is properly one of the most horrendous nightmares you may encounter. Eating cat feces indicates you need to defend yourself against somebody or something in waking life.
To step in cat poop in a dream suggests a new phase in life. As cat faces is harmful to humans (contains the parasite Toxoplasma gondii) it suggests that you may encounter difficult times but you will have a sudden revelation.
If you are pregnant and you dream of cat poop (as this is significantly harmful while you are pregnant) it suggests that you have the anxieties of becoming a new mother. To clean cat poo in a dream illustrates the fact that need to trust others. If you are watching a cat poop in a dream then this suggests that you will have good luck from a spiritual perspective.
Black and white cats in dreams: Black cats featured in dreams are extremely lucky. It indicates you have a hidden sense of intuition. The black cat can also symbolise a rational and logical way that you are going to make decisions in the future. From Greek mythology the black cat is considered a lucky omen.
The black cat can also symbolise sticking to your guns and going for broke in life. What does the white cat mean in a dream? To see a white cat in a dream is associated with rising in the light of the day in the depths of destruction. The white cat indicates that you are going to have to fight in order to win. The white cat also reminds us that you need to be more honest about work.
Tabby cat in your dream: We all love the tabby cat. The domestic cat that has a distinctive beautiful coat which has lovely swirly patterns and also stripes and dots. The tabby cat featured in a dream indicates that you need time and energy in order to prosper in life. Tabby cats are one of the most common type of cat color and denotes not only the fact you need more time but also that you will soon have that time and investment.
Cats fighting in a dream: Cats fighting the dream indicate that you are going to push for what you want in life. If the two cats are scratching each other then it’s time to think logically about why you are feeling stress or worry in waking life.
Cats playing in a dream: If the cats are playing dream, chasing one another alternatively playing with a ball or even clawing the sofa!’s it indicates that you need to look your actions and overcome any doubts in life.
Multiple cats in a dream: To see a large group of cats gathered in your dream illustrates that there is something the wrong in life you cannot put your finger on it. It is basically a dream where you are trying to gain the wisdom that you need in order to progress in life.
A ginger cat in a dream: A ginger cat seen in a dream illustrates that you need to stop being malicious towards others. The cat can also suggest that you need to work on your own balancing life and stop taking the blame for things.
Two cats in a dream: To see two cats in a dream indicates you are searching for deeper wisdom within. The fact that there are two cats in the dream illustrates that you logically feel worried about the future but there is no need to. More than two cat’s in a dream indicates that there would be great luck but you should not be afraid to move forward in life.
Cats jumping on you in a dream: If you see the cat jumping on you in a dream then this is associated to being the master of your own observations. Cats jumping on you may be quite worrying during the dream state. Is a cat wild or astray?
Cats have great attitudes and because they are generally caring the dream can often indicate that you feel you need to be loved by others. The jumping action seen in a dream illustrates that there was something holding you back and you should just go for it.
In conclusion, cats in dreams indicate that we need to look beyond various directions in life and try to gain the wisdom that we need. As cats have been domesticated and kept in homes from Egyptian times they are generally associated with a pleasurable dreaming experience.
https://www.auntyflo.com/dream-dictionary/cats
According to the "Out of Africa" model of human migration that is commonly included in textbooks the world over, some anatomically modern humans from Africa migrated in a single, rapid wave across Europe and Asia around 60,000 years ago.
The model often holds that once these people were out of Africa, a brief period of interbreeding with Neanderthals occurred, helping to explain why individuals of European and Asian heritage today retain archaic human DNA.
Technological advances in the fields of genetics and archaeology over the past decade, however, are revising the story. The emerging new model, outlined in the journal Science by Petraglia and his team, shows that there were multiple dispersals of modern humans out of Africa, beginning at least 120,000 years ago.
Petraglia explained that modern human fossils dating to between 120,000–70,000 years ago have been unearthed in the Levant: the region that now includes Israel, Lebanon, western Jordan, the Sinai in Egypt, and part of Syria. Co-author Katerina Douka, also from Max Planck, said that the Levant "forms a biogeographical extension of Africa."
Aside from being a convenient place for many Africans to go, the Levant also had plenty of lakes, rivers, grasslands, and savannahs, depending on the year's climate. "This would have drawn in both animals and the hunter-gatherers that tracked them," explained Petraglia. "When the environments worsened, these regions would have become hyper-arid deserts, thus pushing people on, perhaps."
Once the individuals originating from Africa were in Europe and Asia, they encountered the Neanderthals, Denisovans, and possibly other hominid groups that were already in these areas. Anthropologists use the term "archaic" to describe such hominid groups, but this is not in the colloquial lower-level sense.
"Most researchers studying late human evolution will use the term to refer to older lineages, not directly linked to modern lineages, rather than (meaning) less evolved and adapted, or less clever," Douka said. "Neanderthals and Denisovans share a common ancestor dating to 400,000–450,000 years ago, whereas archaic and modern humans share a common ancestor dating to 520,000–650,000 years ago."
Despite such evolutionary differences, the various human groups mated with each other — possibly a lot. Recent genetic research shows that there were multiple interbreeding events.
Melanesians today, as a result, are part Denisovan, and non-Africans carry at least 1-4 percent Neanderthal DNA in their genomes. There is even DNA evidence suggesting that another, as of yet unknown, hominid contributed to the present European and Asian gene pool.
Mating between different groups was not limited to Eurasia. "Interbreeding among various archaic Homo sapiens populations surely occurred in Africa, particularly given that Africa is considered to be the place of origin for modern humans to have arisen," co-author Christopher Bae of the University of Hawaii at Manoa told Seeker.
"This greater genetic diversity in Africa has long been considered part of the justification to consider Africa as having a longer history for modern humans than Asia," Bae said. "On a related note, though, researchers have tied higher population density in Africa as also another explanation for the higher genetic diversity on the continent."
While questions related to the when and where of humanity's origins remain hotly debated, one matter about our collective genetic makeup is clearer: All humans appear to be hominid hybrids, made up of DNA from different and distinct populations.
Adding to the complexity, Petraglia said that in the past, "there were likely many population turnovers, and probably even extinctions of human lineages that left no DNA trace in current peoples."
New research is also revising the history of Neanderthals, whose expansion across multiple regions was much greater than previously believed. "Neanderthals were not a 'European' population like people thought until about 10 years ago,” Douka explained, “but their range was far greater, and who knows, maybe much greater than we currently think, too."
Douka mentioned recent evidence suggesting that Neanderthals once lived in China as well as in North Africa. The latter could help to explain why many Europeans who have their DNA analyzed, such as through popular kits sold online, find they possess North African DNA.
There is also no reason to assume that groups stayed put once they migrated to or from Africa. Early modern humans and other hominids could have frequently traveled back and forth, especially during favorable climatic periods.
While out-of-Africa migrations were definitely happening long before 60,000 years ago, there is evidence that such travels escalated beginning around 55,000 years ago and over the following 10,000 years.
"We see modern humans arriving in Siberia certainly by 45,000 years ago, in Europe around the same time, in southern Asia possibly a bit earlier and they are certainly present in Australia by then," Douka said.
The story of early human migration does not end there, as the researchers all said that they need more archaeology, fossils, and DNA before they can draw a better picture of what happened. They and other teams are particularly interested in finds from Africa and Asia, as both include regions that have not undergone much excavation and study.
"What surprised me the most about the modern human origins debate when I first started learning about it is how little people really knew about what is going on in Asia," Bae said. "Single dispersal 'Out of Africa' at 60,000 years ago models are fine and dandy because they are easy to remember, but the picture is a great deal more complex ... and we are only beginning to understand this complexity."
https://www.seeker.com/culture/the-out-of-africa-story-of-human-migration-is-undergoing-major-revision
Súp Lơ Xào Cà Chua - Nguyên liệu cần chuẩn bị để làm món cà chua xào bông cải:
- ½ bông cải, chọn bông cải màu xanh hay trắng đều được.
- 3 quả cà chua thân gỗ Tamarillo
- Hành lá, gia vị.
Chi tiết sản phẩm
Cà chua thân gỗ (Tamarillo/Magic S) là giống cà chua Nam Mỹ với hàm lượng dinh dưỡng cao, tốt cho sức khỏe và sắc đẹp. Cà chua thân gỗ có thể ăn sống hoặc xay sinh tố, chế biến thành các món khác nhau như xào, nướng, làm mứt dẻo,...
Ngoài ra, theo nghiên cứu của các nhà khoa học tại Đại học Illinois (Hoa Kỳ), khi kết hợp cà chua với súp lơ, nhất là súp lơ xanh sẽ có tác dụng thu hẹp khối u tuyến tiền liệt ở nam giới và ung thư vú ở nữ giới, ngăn ngừa các biến chứng nguy hiểm.
NGUYÊN LIỆU
Nguyên liệu cần chuẩn bị để làm món cà chua xào bông cải:
- ½ bông cải, chọn bông cải màu xanh hay trắng đều được.
- 3 quả cà chua thân gỗ Tamarillo
- Hành lá, gia vị.
HƯỚNG DẪN THỰC HIỆN
Bước 1: Sơ chế nguyên liệu
- Cà chua thân gỗ rửa sạch, cắt hình múi khế.
- Súp lơ cắt miếng vừa ăn, rửa nhiều lần với nước sạch. Để đảm bảo, bạn có thể trụng sơ với nước sôi.
- Hành lá rửa sạch, cắt thành 2 phần: phần củ màu trắng và phần hành lá.
Bước 2: Thực hiện
- Cho dầu ăn vào chảo, đợi dầu sôi cho phần hành củ vào phi thơm.
- Cho cà chua thân gỗ vào xào trước, đợi cà chua bắt đầu mềm thì đổ súp lơ vào. Súp lơ đã trụng qua nước sôi nên chỉ cần xào với lửa to khoảng 5 phút là hoàn thành.
- Nêm gia vị vừa ăn, rắc hành lá và hạt tiêu lên trên.
Không chỉ là món ăn dinh dưỡng hàng ngày cho gia đình, bông cải xào cà chua thân gỗ còn là một “thần dược” chuyên điều trị các bệnh nguy hiểm. Vậy còn chần chừ gì mà không đãi cả nhà món ăn này vào dịp cuối tuần?
https://nongsanlangbiang.com/san-pham/ca-chua-than-go-magic-s-xao-bong-cai-569.html
Dừa nước là thứ quả lạ chỉ có ở miền Tây sông nước. Chắc chắn trong lần đầu “chạm mặt”, bạn sẽ không nghĩ đây là loại quả ăn được. Thậm chí còn chẳng thể liên tưởng dừa nước với dừa thông thường dù chúng là “họ hàng” với nhau. Hàng dừa nước xanh bạt ngàn ở miền Tây.
Người miền Tây không lạ gì trái dừa nước bởi nó mọc dày đặc ở vùng đất cửa sông ven biển, các rạch miền sông nước Cửu Long hay khu vực có hệ sinh thái bán ngập mặn. Bạn dễ dàng thấy những rừng dừa nước bạt ngàn, xanh mướt khi đi từ vùng cửa biển Cần Giờ, Gò Công tới cửa sông Tiền, sông Cổ Chiên, Hàm Luông, Vàm Cỏ.
Một số vùng ven sông, rạch miền Trung cũng có dừa nước nhưng người dân không mấy quan tâm. Còn ở miền Tây, dừa nước là một thứ quả đặc sản được nhiều người yêu thích, có nhiều công dụng và hữu ích trong đời sống.
Dừa nước cho quả quanh năm nhưng nhiều nhất trong 2 tháng (khoảng tháng 8 đến tháng 10). Cũng là họ nhà dừa, nhưng bề ngoài dừa nước rất khác so với dừa cạn. Có người bảo lần đầu nhìn dừa nước thấy giống bông hoa, người thì liên tưởng tới quả thông khô, thậm chí có người còn chẳng biết tả hình dáng dừa nước thế nào mà gọi là “quả cầu gai”.
Trái dừa nước bé hơn dừa cạn, ghép lại với nhau thành hình cầu gọi là quài dừa. Cũng mọc thành từng buồng sai trĩu như dừa cạn, nhưng dừa nước chọn cách kết trái độc đáo hơn.
Mỗi trái dừa nước kết chặt lại, ghép với nhau thành hình cầu có đường kính 25 - 30cm, gọi là quài dừa. Một quả cầu tương đương với một buồng dừa, có đến hàng trăm trái. Trái dừa nước bé hơn dừa cạn, chỉ bằng quả trứng, màu nâu sẫm như màu đất.
Dừa nước là loại quả riêng có ở miền Tây. Thân cây dừa nước mọc ngang trong lòng đất, chỉ lá và cuống hoa mọc trồi lên trên. Vậy nên nếu gọi quả dừa nước là “quả đất” cũng không sai vì đó chính là những tinh túy được kết tụ và chắt lọc từ đất mà tạo nên những trái ngọt mát lành đặc trưng của miền Tây.
Cùi dừa màu trắng đục, mềm dẻo, vị ngọt nhẹ. Gọi là dừa nước nhưng quả lại không có… nước, chỉ có cùi (cơm dừa) hình giống quả nhót, màu trắng đục. Trái dừa nước ngon là phải mềm dẻo, cùi chứa lượng nước vừa phải, vị ngọt nhẹ, bùi bùi, thanh mát.
Người có kinh nghiệm chỉ cần nhìn quài dừa nước là biết đã thu hoạch được chưa. Quài dừa cúi xuống nghĩa là cơm dừa đã hình thành, đến độ vừa ăn. Dừa còn non thì cùi mỏng, nhão, nhiều nước, ăn không “sướng” miệng. Dừa già thì cùi cứng, nhai bã miệng mà không có vị gì.
Dừa nước giải nhiệt tốt trong mùa hè. Trong những ngày hè oi nóng, cơm dừa được chế biến thành món giải khát đầy hấp dẫn. Đơn giản thì tách lấy gần chục cùi dừa pha cùng nước đường, bỏ vài viên đá, nếu thích thì thêm cùi thốt nốt giòn sừn sựt, thanh mát là bạn đã có ly nước giải khát mát lạnh, ngọt lịm giải nhiệt mùa hè. Cầu kỳ hơn, người miền Tây còn dùng cùi dừa nước để nấu chè, làm mứt dẻo, pha chế cocktail.
Không chỉ là thứ đồ giải khát, món ăn thân thuộc của vùng quê dân dã, dừa nước cũng rất hữu ích trong đời sống của nhà nông. Lá dùng để lợp nhà che nắng che mưa, đan rổ rá.
Bẹ và sống lá làm lạt buộc, bện thừng, dệt thảm hoặc phơi khô làm chất đốt. Dưới những rặng dừa nước là nguồn thu nhập, là sinh kế của người dân vì đó là thế giới của rất nhiều loài thủy sản vùng cửa sông.
Có công dụng như dừa xiêm nhưng dừa nước tính hàn, vị nhạt hơn và được dùng làm thuốc trong Đông y để điều trị một số bệnh. Dừa nước có tính ngọt mát, không độc, giúp tăng cường khí lực, thanh nhiệt, lợi tiểu, cầm máu, tiêu sưng, tiêu độc.
Người Philippines còn biết làm dấm nguyên chất hoặc rượu tuba từ nhựa được trích từ cuống hoa dừa nước, dùng cánh hoa nở hãm trà uống. Người Malaysia biết cách làm đường dừa nước thơm ngon để xuất khẩu. Thậm chí người dân đảo Roti và Savu còn đem dừa nước làm thức ăn cho lợn để thịt ngọt hơn.
Nhắc đến miền Tây sông nước còn có những rừng dừa nước xanh phủ bạt ngàn ven biển, ven sông. Gắn liền với tuổi thơ của những đứa trẻ miệt vườn, dừa nước ngày nay là đặc sản dân dã của một vùng quê mộc mạc, yên bình mà ai từng một lần thưởng thức cũng thòm thèm mỗi khi muốn một ly nước mát ngày hè.
https://timeoutvietnam.com/la-lung-trai-dua-nuoc-mien-tay-11543.html
The average height of the male population varied between 161 cm (5.28 feet) in the New Kingdom (about 1550–1070 BC) and 169.6 cm (5.56 feet) in the Early Dynastic period (about 2925–2575 BC), making an average of 165.7 cm (5.43 feet) for all time periods.
Peregrine falcons, the world’s fastest-moving animal, are found on six continents around the world. Once an endangered species in the United States, their population comeback has been attributed to the widespread ban of DDT and other pesticides in the 1970s, and is a great success story in conservation.
It is easy to see why these remarkable birds are so charismatic. Peregrine falcons hunt unknowing prey by diving from above at speeds of up to 200 miles per hour, maintaining an astounding degree of maneuverability and precision. However, conducting in-depth analysis of the aerodynamic properties of peregrine falcons is no easy task.
Dives are infrequent in the wild, we usually only see them from a distance, and their blistering speeds make the birds difficult to film. Nevertheless, that is exactly what a team of researchers in Germany managed to do, and they recently published the results in PLOS ONE.
Researchers first trained several peregrine falcons to dive from the top of a dam to the bottom, following a specific and predictable flight path. A trainer at the top of the dam released a falcon from the same spot each time, and a second trainer at the base used a lure to attract the bird’s attention.
High-speed cameras facing the dam wall filmed falcon dives from different angles. The authors used the dam in the background of the video footage as a frame of reference to precisely and accurately recreate the peregrine’s diving trajectory, something that is nearly impossible to do filming peregrines in the wild against the sky.
Back at the lab, the scientists positioned the wings and body of a stuffed peregrine falcon to resemble a falcon diving at maximum speed, and then used it to create a life-sized plastic version. The plastic falcon was analyzed in a wind tunnel using two different methods of analysis: oil-painting-based flow visualization and particle image velocimetry.
A brief description of both techniques: Surface flow visualization: By coating an object in a thin layer of paint or oil and putting it in a wind tunnel, we can examine the streaking patterns left in the paint or oil to reveal flow lines.
Particle image velocimetry: By introducing tiny tracer particles into the wind tunnel, illuminating them with a laser, and photographing them rapidly, we can use computers to track the movement of individual particles through a sequence of photographs, calculate the particles’ trajectories and velocities, and then use this data to build an accurate model of the wind flow.
By combining their wind tunnel analysis with the data from the video footage, the researchers created the most comprehensive analysis of a peregrine falcon dive to date, including factors such as lift, drag, acceleration, and trajectory.
In particular, the high-speed footage revealed that small feathers pop up during the dive in key locations on the peregrine falcon’s body. The authors say that the feather position and wind tunnel analysis support the explanation that these feathers help keep air flowing smoothly over the bird’s body to reduce drag, similar to flaps on an airplane wing.
https://blogs.plos.org/everyone/2014/03/01/falcon-physics-science-diving-peregrine-falcons/
Archeologists Uncover Genghis Khan’s Lost Mongolian Fortress - Genghis Khan, born as Temujin in 1162, became one of the greatest military leaders of all time by building and ruling the Mongol Empire. At the time of his death, he ruled from the eastern stretches of Asia to as far west as Russia.
A team of Mongolian and Japanese researchers uncovered a fortress that has now been confirmed to have been used by the ruler during the 13th century. This discovery could help historians better understand how the growth of the empire expanded westward toward Europe.
Genghis Khan (also known as Chingis Khan), which translates into Supreme Leader, once controlled over 12 million square miles across Asia. The Mongol Empire was second only to the British Empire in terms of expanse.
While tribes were given the opportunity to surrender peacefully, resistance was met with great force. It is believed that during his life, Genghis Khan was responsible for the deaths of over 40 million people. However, some historians debate the validity of the extent of Genghis Khan’s carnage, attributing much of it to hearsay meant to strike fear into his enemies.
Koichi Matsuda from Osaka International University led the team that uncovered the fortress in 2001 in southwestern Mongolia. The landscape near the site aligned with a description of the fortress by a Tao spiritual leader in a book from around the same period. It is located about 880 kilometers (547 miles) west of Mongolia’s capital city, Ulan Bator.
Artifacts from the site included animal bones, Chinese pottery, and wood fragments. Carbon dating of the items revealed that they ranged from the 12th through 14th centuries. The fortress, which measures 170 meters by 200 meters (557 by 655 feet), had walls made out of soil. It is believed that the fortress was constructed in 1212, and was most likely commissioned by one of Genghis Khan’s top officials.
Matsuda told Nihon Keizai Shinbun, a Japanese newspaper, that the fortress was a powerful garrison during its day. The location of the fortress, named Chinkai Castle, was positioned near farmland and also along silk trade routes that would have been useful as the Mongolian army forged west. This would have given it plentiful access to necessary provisions, as well as access to information carried by travelers.
After the decline of the Mongol Empire, Chinkai Castle dwindled into ruins during the 14th century, and eventually became lost to history. Its rediscovery and confirmation of identity is an important part of Asian history, and it could have a great deal to teach historians about the westward expansion of Genghis Khan’s army.
http://www.arqueologiamedieval.com/noticias/10187/archeologists-uncover-genghis-khan-s-lost-mongolian-fortress
According to legend, Genghis Khan lies buried somewhere beneath the dusty steppe of Northeastern Mongolia, entombed in a spot so secretive that anyone who made the mistake of encountering his funeral procession was executed on the spot.
Once he was below ground, his men brought in horses to trample evidence of his grave, and just to be absolutely sure he would never be found, they diverted a river to flow over their leader's final resting place.
What Khan and his followers couldn't have envisioned was that nearly 800 years after his death, scientists at UC San Diego's Center for Interdisciplinary Science in Art, Architecture and Archaeology (CISA3) would be able to locate his tomb using advanced visualization technologies whose origins can be traced back to the time of the Mongolian emperor himself.
"As outrageous as it might sound, we're looking for the tomb of Genghis Khan," says Dr. Albert Yu-Min Lin, an affiliated researcher for CISA3. "Genghis Khan was one of the most exceptional men in all of history, but his life is too often dismissed as being that of a bloodthirsty warrior.
Few people in the West know about his legacy — that he united warring tribes of Mongolia and merged them into one, that he introduced the East to the West making explorations like those of Marco Polo possible, that he tried to create a central world currency, that he introduced a written language to the Mongol people and created bridges that we still use today within the realm of international relations.
"But as great a man he was, there are few clues and no factual evidence about Genghis Khan's burial, which is why we need to start using technology to solve this mystery."
Lin and several colleagues — including Professor Maurizio Seracini, the director of CISA3 and the man behind the search for Leonardo da Vinci's lost "Battle of Anghiari" painting — are hoping to use advanced visualization and analytical technologies available at the California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology (Calit2) to pinpoint Khan's tomb and conduct a non-invasive archaeological analysis of the area where he is believed to be buried.
Lin plans to work with Seracini to establish a position at UCSD that will allow him to spearhead the three-year Valley of the Khans project, which will require $700,000 in funding for eight researchers (including all expedition costs).
Khan's grave is presumably in a region bordered by Mongolia's Onon River and the Khan khentii mountains near his birthplace in Khentii Aimag, and some experts believe his sons and other family members were later buried beside him.
The researchers, however, have little additional information to go on. Directly following Khan's death in 1227, the area around his tomb was deemed forbidden by the emperor's guards, and later in the 20th century, by strict Russian occupation, which prohibited Mongolians from even talking about Genghis Khan because they felt it might lead to nationalist uprising.
Only since the 1990s have researchers been allowed in the area, and several other research teams have tried unsuccessfully to locate the tomb.
Lin hopes of success are based on his access to unparalleled technology at Calit2 and CISA3 to pinpoint the area where Khan might have been laid to rest, find the tomb itself and then develop a virtual recreation of it using various methods of spectral and digital imaging.
Explains Lin : "If you have a large burial, that's going to have an impact on the landscape. To find Khan's tomb, we'll be using remote sensing techniques and satellite imagery to take digital pictures of the ground in the surrounding region, which we'll be able to display on Calit2's 287-million pixel HIPerSpace display wall. But we also want to make this an interactive research project and get the public involved.
One of our ideas is to utilize something like the International Space Station's 'EarthCam' program at UCSD, which recruits middle school students to control a satellite camera and take pictures of the earth. We'd have them do the same thing, only they'd be taking pictures of the area where Genghis' tomb might be located."
Lin says another approach would be to combine social networking with visualization techniques to replicate something like the online "Find Steve Fossett" project, which enlisted members of the general public to flag anomalous satellite images in the hopes that they could locate the missing adventurer.
"Once we've narrowed down this region in Mongolia to a certain area," Lin continues, "we'll use techniques such as ground penetrating radar, electromagnetic induction and magnetometry to produce non-destructive, non-invasive surveys. We'll then work with people in UCSD's electrical engineering department to develop visual algorithms that will allow us to create a high-resolution, 3-D representation of the site."
Notably, these computer-based technologies are modern evolutions of moveable type and the printing press — innovations that historian Jack Weatherford argues were spread by way of the Mongols as they conquered parts of Europe (Chinese printing technologies predated Gutenberg's printing press by several hundred years). Lin speculates that remnants of those international conquests might even turn up in Khan's tomb, but, he adds, "The process of doing an archaeological dig is up to the Mongolian government."
Lin says he's hoping to collaborate with the Mongolian government and national universities, through the help of Amaraa and Bayarsihan Baljinnayam — siblings from what he endearingly calls his "Mongolian family." They will assist with language interpretation and expedition coordination, and most importantly, local media and political support — connections that will prove very useful as Lin navigates through the often complex arena of international relations.
Noting that his project team also includes San Diego State University Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry William G. Tong, UCSD Field Systems Engineer Nathan Ricklin, UCSD Computer Vision Engineer Shay Har-Noy and Independent Engineering Geologist Charles Ince, Lin says he sees parallels between the collaborative work he's doing with CISA3 and Genghis' own push to adapt to new technologies.
"He took the best resources of entire world — whether weaponry or medicine -- and adopted those technologies into his own methodology. We're trying to implement that same adaptation to many disciplines into our own work. We're taking the great work that's already been done in archaeology and further developing it by using technologies from other disciplines -- computer vision, social networking, electrical engineering — while at the same time never forgetting fundamentals of historical search.
Despite the technologies and expertise available to him, Lin says he is well aware of the great challenges the project poses. "One consistent fact is that there is no fact," he admits. "It's a story of secrets upon secrets and myths upon myths.
"If I could meet Genghis Khan today, I would ask how he would have wanted to be remembered in history," Lin muses. "The fact that he died in his bed surrounded by people who loved him and never had a single General turn his back on him, the fact that the loyalty of his people is so sound it can be heard across the world — these are the marks of one of the most impressive military heroes of all time.
This is an example of a leader who was ruthless, strict, disciplined, and in a lot of ways, extremely honorable. If he was able to rewrite his own history, I wonder how he'd want it heard."
http://strangeworldofmystery.blogspot.com/2009/08/genghis-khan-tomb.html?m=1
Born November 26, 1939 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Height 5' 10¾" (1.8 m)
He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1939 and attended Temple University briefly before moving to New York where he studied drama with Stella Adler and at Actors Studio.
- IMDb Mini Biography By: Zeeboe82@aol.com
Spouse - Jacqueline Margolis (3 June 1962 - present) ( 1 child)
Trade Mark - Low and gravelly nasal voice
Resides in New York's Tribeca
He is father to actor Morgan H. Margolis.
Frequently cast by Darren Aronofsky.
His father was a Polish Jewish immigrant and his mother was a Russian Jewish immigrant. He's the only cast member of Breaking Bad (2008) to receive an Emmy nomination in the "Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series" category.
Member of the Actors Studio. There is an endless range of parts I have not played. I would love to do a whole slew of period pieces. I also used to do a lot of stage work, and I would like to go back to that from time to time.
You don't play villains like they are villains. You play them like you know exactly where they are coming from. Which hopefully you do. Honestly, all of 'Breaking Bad' was the best television experience of my entire life - the writing, the crew, the other actors.
I'm an actor. I was trained by Stella Adler, one of the greatest teachers of the world. I was 19 years old, and she frightened me to death. I was her houseboy for a while. I'm addicted to New York, and I like L.A., as I have kids there. Sometimes I think New Mexico is the one place where I could almost live there. It helps your acting; there's magic in that place.
I was a student of Stella Adler and then later Lee Strasberg, and they were into sensory work. At its best, acting is not about words - even when the words are important.
I saw an Emmy ad that AMC took out with all the 'Breaking Bad' nominees' photos, and there's my picture from the show. It's like World's Ugliest Man - I'm an automatic winner in that category. I'm in my apartment in trendy Tribeca.
I've been down here for 37 years, from before it was a fashionable neighborhood. It's a wonderful place; it looks over the Hudson River. I can see 30 miles into New Jersey. My landlord would like me to die because the rent is very low. I'm trying to outlive him. He can get a lot more if I disappear.
I am just a journeyman actor. Most often I take what's offered me, and I've been able to work year after year. I was in 'Scarface.' Some people think this must have done me a world of good. Truth to tell, six months after 'Scarface' I had to take a job with a real estate development friend for a few months just to get by.
I actually don't pay a lot of attention to the movie 'industry'... I just do the work when I get it. I never considered anything I was in, or did, as a possible breakthrough for me. I have advised other actors not to expect anything. Expecting a 'breakthrough' is almost an automatic for sure 'let down' or heartbreak.
A lot of the people that stop you - well, they're not nuts, exactly. They're more like super-fans. They think that I'm some sort of rich guy, that everyone in the movies is making the kind of money Angelina Jolie is making. They don't realize that most of my life has been a struggle.
https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0546797/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm
The story of "Lonesome George" is a sad one for it is the story of what could become of many of our wildlife in the near future due to extinction. Lonesome George is a Pinta Island tortoise which is a subspecies of the giant Galapagos tortoise.
He is considered to be the "rarest animal alive" today, according to the Guinness Book of World Records and when he dies his subspecies will become extinct.
George's subspecies was severely depleted by whalers and fishermen, and the introduction of goats in 1958 resulted in massive destruction of vegetation which these tortoises depend on for food.
Until 1971, the last reported sighting of a giant tortoise on Pinta Island had been in 1906 when the Galapagos Islands were visited byscientists from the California Academy of Sciences. At that time they collected 3 males, which were the last tortoises seen on Pinta for the next 60 years. But they didn't count on George.
In 1971 a scientist who was studying snails on Pinta Island saw a solitary tortoise in the distance. He reported this to the Galapagos National Park authorities and a search was started to find the tortoise but with no luck. Then in 1972 a National Park warden found Lonesome George on the island while out on another job. He stumbled upon the solitary male tortoise and took him back to the research station.
The story of Lonesome George has traveled all around the world. Zoos have been offered a reward of $10,000 dollars for a Pinta Island tortoise female, but the reward has been unclaimed to this day. George has also been placed in a corral with female tortoises from Wolf Volcano, on Isabela Island. Scientists were hoping that by placing these tortoises together, the Pinta Island subspecies genes would be passed along to future generations.
The Wolf tortoise subspecies are morphologically the most closely related species to that of George's Pinta Island tortoise. The goal was to maintain George's sexual activity for the possibility that a Pinta female would be found in a zoo somewhere in the world.
Another possibility would be some genetic back crossing to create offspring as closely related as possible to the Pinta tortoise. Unfortunately, Lonesome George has yet to succeed in breeding successfully with these females, for reasons not fully understood.
So it looks at this point that the subspecies of the Pinta Island tortoise will pass into extinction with the passing of Lonesome George. Unless a female tortoise is found soon somewhere in a zoo, the destructive hand of mankind will once again have driven a species into extinction.
The Yangtze Giant Softshell Turtle is an extremely rare sub-species of the Softshell turtles, its population in 1998 counts only three turtles, its habitat is in China and Vietnam. In September 2011 the IUCN declared the extinction of the Yangtze Softhshell Turtle in Vietnam.
The main threat is hunting for the use in the Chinese traditional medicines and habitat destruction. They are listed as a critically endangered species the IUCN Red List and on the Appendix 1 of Cites and Appendices I an II of the Convention Migratory Species.
The Yangtze Softshell turtle is noted for its deep head with a pig-like snout and eyes dorsally placed ,it is the largest fresh-water turtle in the world, it is about 30 cm long and 70 cm wide and weights about 70 to 100 kg.
In 2007 two of the females died in the Shanghai Zoo and the Suzhou´s West Garden Buddhist Temple.Thereupon the Chinese Wild Life Conservation director Mr. Lu Shuqing searched in every zoo in China as a last chance to find a living female turtle and miraculously they found one in the Changsa zoo and after a long precise transportation it arrived at the Sushou zoo.
The only two Yangtze Softshell Turtle 81 year old female and her 101 year old fellow member of the same species failed two times to reproduce . The scientists blame it on the wrong diet for the turtles and the bad manners of the Shuzhou Zoo visitors , for intentionally throwing garbage in the Yangtze Softshell Turtle´s pool and into the breeding pool.
The Scientist are optimistic and says - We have these two [Suzhou] animals, and hopefully in the very near future, as opposed to far distant, we'll have baby Rafetuses on our hands," added field assistant King.
https://www.thepetitionsite.com/340/902/784/worlds-largest-freshwater-turtle-almost-extinct/
New moon - This is pure potential – you’re going to leave your mark on the world and feel driven to claim your destiny. Because this waxing moon begins in darkness, there is an urge to project your light on the world and nobody can stop you!
You’re forward thinking and a real go-getter! Full of new life and zeal, you are beginning a brand new karmic cycle and you’re ready to try anything. Go YOU!
Crescent Moon Phase - Waxing_crescent moon phases - This is a waxing moon that looks like a sliver of light in the sky. People born during a crescent moon feel the need for security, so they tend to cling to the past. Your soul’s lesson is learning independence.
You’re forging a new identity where you let go of habitual behaviors, subconscious programming, and outdated beliefs. As you develop the courage to be yourself, your soul will shine!
First Quarter - first moon phases - This is a waxing moon where the light is half full. The fist quarter moon is an adjustment period – often known as a “Crisis in Action”. People born during this phase are quick on their feet, easy to make adjustments and make split second decisions.
You are eager to make changes, tearing down old structures to create new and better ones. The more disruptive the energy is around you, the more comfortable you feel! You are a builder and action taker.
Gibbus Moon Phase - gibbus moon phases - When the waxing moon is 3/4 full that is known as the Gibbus Moon. Those born during this moon phase love to learn. You are a truth-seeker, always delving into the core of the matter, questioning the status quo. You will seek perfection wanting to know as much as you can and become the best at what you do.
Full moon phases - Born during a full moon and your emotions will be larger than life! Seeking balance, these souls will always yearn for relationships, which will help them mirror their feelings so they can find inner harmony.
You can be highly impulsive and instinctual. Being an idealist, you can seek religious or spiritual foundations you can relate to. Your feelings are always on display, so you must learn how to find inner balance and believe in yourself.
Disseminating Moon Phase - disseminating The waning moon at 3/4 full is known as the Disseminating Moon. As the moon is getting ready to complete it’s cycle, there is a need to disseminate all of the lessons cultivated from the previous phases.
People born during the disseminating phase and a yearning to share their wisdom with others. You can feel a sense of urgency to fulfill your life’s purpose. You are a natural communicator. It is important for you to learn that it is not your job for people to receive your message, or to change them.
Last Quarter - lastThe waning moon that looks half full is the last quarter moon. As the moon is completing it’s cycle, heading more into darkness, you are in a process of re-orienting who you are and where you belong. This phases is known as “crisis in consciousness”.
Because the moon is not reflecting much light from the sun, it is up to you to rely on your inner light to guide you. Many children born during the last quarter phase can feel isolated, misunderstood, or alone. You are learning how to rely on your own light within.
It can be hard for you to relate to others. Yet, as you honor and accept your uniqueness, allow yourself the time and space to process your intuition, and learn to let go of the past, you will find an inner happiness that comes from deep within.
Balsamic Moon Phase - Waning-Crescent-ImageBalsamicAs the moon retreats into almost total darkness (when the moon is barely a crescent in the sky), there is an urgency to complete unfinished business. If you were born during this phase, you are ending a karmic cycle – learning to let go of the past, so you can begin a whole new manifesting phase.
You have a lot of karmic contracts to complete, so might feel as if many of your relationships feel “fateful”. Also, you might find it difficult to relate to others, being HIGHLY PSYCHIC and SENSITIVE, as you learn to rely on your inner vision, you will have much wisdom to share with others.
Furthermore, you have a gift of gathering information and making it easy for others to understand. You have much to share in this lifetime. When you learn to affirm yourself instead of seeking it from the outside world, you can become the leader you were born to be.
https://karisamuels.com/moon-phase-astrology-your-soul-illuminated/
Air travel today is more ordeal than adventure. It’s little more than a chore one must endure to get from one place to another. And in these times of fees for everything from carry-on bags to packets of peanuts, when getting the whole can of soda instead of a mere plastic cup’s full is considered the apogee of amenities, expectations aren’t raised much beyond just getting to your destination close to on-time.
Think back, though: Once, there was an era in the annals of air travel when passengers were pampered, not prodded like cattle into a chute. They were fed full meals, no extra charge, plied with liquor, given pillows upon command, and, in the rarefied air of first class, could take a winding staircase upstairs to a dining room-cum-wet bar at which Hugh Hefner would feel at home.
This era, roughly from 1958 to 1978, saw airlines vying, almost begging, for your business, outfitting their planes with festive colors and their stewardesses (no “flight attendants” back then) in provocative uniforms, promising an “experience,” not just a trip. Passengers, too, dressed up. No cargo shorts and flip-flops; men wore suits, women dresses, sometimes accessorized with corsages.
It was a Golden Age of air travel, right? Yes and no. Yes, for certain, passengers were treated better both on the ground and in the air and didn’t have to endure the indignity of paying separately for every single thing save the overhead air nozzle. And, yes, clearly, airlines such as Pan Am and TWA made the dream of a European vacation a reality for many Americans who didn’t even know they wanted to take the so-called Grand Tour.
“Even in economy (class) – tourist class, I guess they called it – those seats would be like the best premium-economy or business class today,” said William Stadiem, author of the newly released book, “Jet Set: The People, the Planes, the Glamour and the Romance in Aviation’s Glory Years.”
“The seats were comfort, the food was good. I mean, Pan Am was catered by Maxim’s of Paris. You had fois gras and smoked salmon along with caviar. Even in tourist class, it was great. You felt special. That’s why you dressed up to get on an airplane. It was a big deal.”
Even given that, many tend to forget the golden days often come with a tarnish we tend to gloss over. Remember hijackings? DC-10 crashes? 747 breakdowns? On-board smoking? High fares during the Arab oil embargo? Fewer timetable choices?
Some Golden Age, huh? Brett Snyder, founder and author of the travel website CrankyFlier.com, said we are in the halcyon days for flying. Certainly, he says, it’s cheaper. He came across a TWA flight schedule from June 1959, which listed a Los Angeles-to-New York fare of $168.40.
In today’s dollars, that equals $1,225 – hardly a bargain. And, he notes, it took more than 12 hours to make the trip. “Once you put actual numbers out there and adjust them for inflation, it does stop to make people think a bit,” Snyder said. “Certainly on longer flights, the price was truly outrageous compared to what you get today.”
Lavish perks exist … if you’ve got the cash. But Snyder, 37, also qualifies his point that air travel is better today by saying he doesn’t necessarily mean that cattle-car Sacramento-to-Las Vegas slog; rather, he says the lavish perks and grandeur so celebrated in the past can be found on first-class and overseas flights.
“Anyone today can garner enough miles over time to fly in business or first class on an intercontinental flight without having to pay thousands of dollars,” he said. “And the flat beds you get today put any seat from the golden age to shame.
Would it have been nice to have hand-carved prime rib over a silver cart? I mean, I guess. But I’d take that flat bed any day. In coach, I’m much happier today with in-seat video filled with entertainment or with Wi-Fi than I would have been back then.”
In a recent article in The New York Times business section, writer Joe Sharkey had one word for the thought that the old days were better for luxury travel: “Baloney.” Sharkey wrote that, for first-class or business-class travelers on a premium international airline, you still can get tucked in at night by a doting flight attendant, and you still can get fed very well.
On Emirates Airlines, he reports, you can even get a private compartment with mattress and vanity table, mini-bar and flat-screen TV set. But there’s this: The fare is $32,840.
Stadiem, a lawyer and journalist who travels often overseas for work and pleasure, said he noticed the gaping maw of service between the “1 percent and the 99 percent” on a recent flight he took on British Airways from London to Los Angeles.
“First class is nice – I looked at it,” he said. “Huge and spacious. My business (class) is like a morgue – all the seats are in opposite directions, very unpleasant. Steerage (coach class) is horrible. It’s on two decks, much more crowded and the flight attendants tell me they feel the turbulence more in the back of the plane. Not a pleasant experience.”
What Stadiem points out in “Jet Set” was that, back in the 1960s and even through the 1970s and the advent of the mammoth 747s, the gulf between first class and “tourist” class was not so wide. He writes that the first 707 jets, introduced in 1958 but not used widely until the 1960s, offered almost a Disneyland-esque experience.
“The 707 was in every sense a futuristic spacecraft, Tomorrowland today,” he wrote. “The subdued lighting, the ventilation, the individual controls, the Eames-like modernist seats, the relative silence. … Every traveler was to be treated as an explorer.
“The stewardesses were sexily stunning, pure ‘Coffee, Tea or Me?’ avian goddesses, yet there was no hauteur, just a crisp, omni-competent cheeriness befitting your favorite school teacher.”
Some of that glamour is making a comeback today – not on actual flights but in celebrating the nostalgia surrounding that era. The retro-success of “Mad Men” begat the short-lived ABC series “Pan Am,” which led to an uptick in museum exhibits and books and blogs dedicated to the “Golden Age” of air travel.
As Stadiem points out, part of what’s stoking interest is the frustration air travelers feel today with getting nickel-and-dimed by airlines trying to offset higher fuel costs by charging for things they used to give as a courtesy.
Reliving the days of slippers and full meals. In addition to Stadiem’s nonfiction homage to the “Jet Set,” SFO has gathered artifacts from the era for its “Remain Over Night” exhibit spanning eight glass cases in Terminal 1. (A permanent exhibit of airline lore is at SFO’s Aviation Museum in the International Terminal.)
The slippers and toiletry bags, high-thread-count blankets and complimentary tote bags and photos of three-course meals present a stark contrast to today’s throw-some-peanuts-at-’em on-board vibe.
A KLM Royal Dutch Airlines purser, Cliff Muskiet, has collected 1,271 female flight attendant uniforms for 475 airlines, which he displays on his website, uniformfreak.com.
Muskiet has a special affinity for flashy uniforms from the 1960s and ’70s, because “sex did sell in those years,” but “short skirts are not practical at all on board because you have to bend and stretch all the time. So I really admire the stewardesses who wore these kinky-looking short uniforms in the 1970s.”
He laments the “boring” uniforms of today, saying, “Too many airlines are afraid to use color, especially in the United States, where all airline uniforms look alike.”
With airline fares and routes regulated by the government (deregulation came in 1978), Stadiem said, airlines had to cater to passenger whims to get their patronage, which led to all types of bells and whistles in the service.
But when President Jimmy Carter ushered in deregulation, “Everybody was trying to cut each other’s throats by cutting costs,” Stadiem said. “That planted the seeds for the cattle-car experience we have now. Even flying in the ’80s was a hell of a lot better than it is today. It’ll never go back to the way it was.”
Except, maybe, as something of a tourist attraction in itself. Self-proclaimed “aviation geek” Anthony Toth, a Los Angeles resident who works for an airline he prefers not to name, has built a replica of a Pan Am 747, circa 1971, outfitted it with painstaking care in pristine period interior, seats, spiral staircase, bar and dining carts and all.
He used to keep the cabin in his house and occasionally rent it out to TV shows and for magazine ads. But he eventually moved it to a warehouse in the City of Industry and now has joined forces with the motion-picture studio Air Hollywood to offer “flights” for nostalgic fliers.
Cost: $297, first class; $197, Clipper class. The first “flight,” Sept. 28, already is sold out. “It’s great to relive what it was like,” Toth said. “That’s what my Pan Am experience is all about. Think about people born past the ’80s: They’ve never even flown in an aircraft with a winding staircase and awesome on-board attributes.
“I’ve hired Pan Am flight attendants who can still get into their uniforms and do the service in the traditional Pan Am style. I have an airline caterer out at LAX to carefully examine the menus and help me build the galley carts and the food items.
I even have the same sound effects on airplanes, the old-style movies, with original headsets. You watch on big screen projected. I have old-style menus and amenity kits. The upper deck dining room for first-class travelers. We’ll carve the roast and plate the meal tableside. Old-style service. You’d be hard pressed not to think you aren’t flying on a vintage Pan Am 747.”
Though only 47, Toth remembers flying on a Pan Am 747 to Europe as a 5-year-old with his parents. “It changed my life forever, to be honest with you. It paved my career as an adult. I fell in love with it right then. The moment you walked on the aircraft you knew exactly what airline you were on.
The color scheme, the carpeted walls, the cabin décor, which was like a clipper ship. It resonated. You walked on the jet bridge and smelled the jet fumes mingling with the smell of coffee. You’d see the flight attendants standing by the staircase. The first-class cabins of 747s – each airline had them so well-branded, so well-outfitted. Every airline had their own look and feel on board. I wanted my own 747.”
Yet, even such a sentimentalist as Toth doesn’t want to see the return of higher prices and limited availability of the airlines of yore. “A lot of people like to give the industry a bad rap because service has declined, but there are more choices today than ever,” he said. “In the ’70s, if I wanted to go from L.A. to New York, I basically had two flight choices.
Fly Pan Am at 8 a.m. or TWA at 10 a.m. Look at where we are today, there are 25 choices, maybe. You don’t get those awesome branding elements. Now, it’s all about price and schedule, and those aren’t sexy things. But you can sure get to where you are going a lot faster.”
Think about that the next time you’re standing 50 people deep in a check-in line, grousing about all the hassles and fretting about missing your flight. These days, there’s always another one the airlines can squeeze you into – on standby.
https://www.sacbee.com/entertainment/living/travel/article2608655.html
https://cafeastrology.com/northnodetables.html
node calculator
In astrology, your life purpose is encoded in the north node and south node of the moon. The lunar nodes are directly opposite each other in the chart. They aren’t planets, but rather mathematical points on the chart that fall in two opposite zodiac signs. For example, if your north node is in Capricorn, your south node will be in its opposite sign of Cancer, and so on.
Revealing Past Lives, Natural Abilities - The South Node reveals the gifts that you bring into this lifetime, your sweet spot, your comfort zone. You will be innately good in these areas of life, and may begin your early path based on your South Node leanings. While this can bring a sense of satisfaction, it is unlikely to elevate you to Blissville.
There’s a sense of “been there, done that” in the field of South Node activities. And indeed you have: in many past lifetimes. The key is to use your South Node as a springboard into your North Node destiny, much like an expat living abroad will always feel most comfortable speaking her native language, even if she’s lived in her new country for many years.
The South Node is your horoscope hometown, perhaps not the place you want to settle permanently, but somewhere cozy to visit when you need to feel a sense of place or belonging.
The North Node: Your Destiny That’s Calling - The north node is the exact opposite zodiac sign of the south node. It illuminates the terrain that’s calling your name, but climbing to the peak of this mountain is like trekking up Mt. Everest. You’ll have to lighten up your baggage and enlist a proverbial Sherpa to get you up that hill. It’s your learning curve.
North Node activities require you to stretch out of your comfort zone. Once you do, you’ll be amazed by how fulfilled you feel. It’s like the activation of your life’s mission. The sooner you align yourself with this path, the more purpose-driven your life will become. However, you will often return to your South Node as that “ace in the hole”—kind of like returning home to your roots, even after you’ve made your way in the world.
We often think that just because we’re good at something—or it comes easily to us—that it’s what we should “do” with our lives. Yet, sometimes, the easy way doesn’t feel spiritually satisfying. Maybe you’ve taken this path enough times in past lives, and you’re ready for something new. One of our favorite books on this topic (and actually, one of the few written) is Jan Spiller’s Astrology for the Soul.
How are the nodes used in astrology? Astrologers use the lunar nodes to determine where your destiny lies (north node) and what you were in past lifetimes (south node). The nodes change signs every 18 months approximately. People born within your same lunar node group are like your “soul tribe.” You incarnated with to learn the same lessons.
The lunar nodes are determined by the points where the moon’s orbit crosses the “ecliptic”—the apparent path the Sun makes around the earth. (We say “apparent” because in reality, the earth is revolving around the Sun…but from our vantage point on the planet, it appears that the Sun is moving.) The nodes take into account the Sun, the moon and the earth. They fall in the same signs that the eclipses are in when you’re born.
The lunar nodes help us answer questions like: What am I supposed to do with my life? Why am I here and what’s my mission? What was I in a past life?
The nodes play a powerful role in non-Western astrology. Kabbalah’s astrology focuses primarily on the lunar nodes. This system calls the north node your tikkun (“correction”) and view it as the karmic adjustment your soul must make. Vedic astrology calls the nodes the head (Rahu/north node) and tail (Ketu/south node) of the dragon and take a harsher view of the south node’s karma.
Note to parents-to-be: if you have a child around the age of 18-19 or 36-37, you’ll share the same nodes. And if you date, marry or join forces with someone 9-10 years older or younger than you, there’s a good chance they’ll have the opposite nodes. (For example, your south node is Virgo and their north node is Virgo). This can be a powerful but polarizing pairing—you’ve both mastered what the other one has come here to learn. If you combine your natural skills, you can be unstoppable.
The ultimate book on the nodes is Astrology for the Soul by Jan Spiller. A huge influence who we learned so much from, Spiller passed away July 2016. We are forever grateful for what we learned about the nodes from her writing. North & South Node Dates (1941-2017) - To find your lunar nodes, choose the date range that includes your birthday:
ARIES South Node/LIBRA North Node
Jun 17, 1958 – Dec 15, 1959 * Jan 8, 1977 – Jul 5, 1978 * Aug 1, 1995 – Jan 25, 1997 * February 19, 2014 – November 11, 2015 • October 15, 2032 – May 22, 2032
TAURUS South Node/SCORPIO North Node
Oct 5, 1956 – Jun 16, 1958 * Jul 10, 1975 – Jan 7, 1977 * Feb 2, 1994 – Jul 31, 1995 * Aug 30, 2012 – Feb 18, 2014 • March 21, 2031 – October 14, 2032
GEMINI South Node/SAGITTARIUS North Node
Apr 3, 1955 – Oct 4, 1956 * Oct 28, 1973 – Jul 9, 1975 * Aug 2, 1992 – Feb 1, 1994 * Mar 4, 2011 – Aug 29, 2012 • September 24, 2029 – March 20, 2031
CANCER South Node/CAPRICORN North Node
Oct 10, 1953 – Apr 2, 1955 * Apr 28, 1972 – Oct 27, 1973 * Nov 19, 1990 – Aug 1, 1992 * Aug 22, 2009 – Mar 3, 2011 • March 27, 2028 – September 23, 2029
LEO South Node/AQUARIUS North Node
Mar 29, 1952 – Oct 9, 1953 * Nov 3, 1970 – Apr 27, 1972 * May 23, 1989 – Nov 18, 1990 * Dec 19, 2007 – Aug 21, 2009 • July 27, 2026 – March 26, 2028
VIRGO South Node/PISCES North Node
Jul 27, 1950 – Mar 28, 1952 * Apr 20, 1969 – Nov 2, 1970 * Dec 3, 1987 – May 22, 1989 * Jun 23, 2006 – Dec 18, 2007 • January 12, 2025 – July 26, 2026
LIBRA South Node/ARIES North Node
Jan 27, 1949 – Jul 26, 1950 * Aug 20, 1967 – Apr 19, 1969 * Apr 7, 1986 – Dec 2, 1987 * Dec 27, 2004 – Jun 22, 2006 * July 18, 2023 – January 11, 2025
SCORPIO South Node/TAURUS North Node
Aug 3, 1947 – Jan 26, 1949 * Feb 20, 1966 – Aug 19, 1967 * Sep 12, 1984 – Apr 6, 1986 * Apr 15, 2003 – Dec 26, 2004 • January 19, 2022 – July 17, 2023
SAGITTARIUS South Node/GEMINI North Node
Dec 14, 1945 – Aug 2, 1947 * Aug 26, 1964 – Feb 19, 1966 * Mar 17, 1983 – Sep 11, 1984 * Oct 14, 2001 – Apr 14, 2003 • May 6, 2020 – January 18, 2022
CAPRICORN South Node/CANCER North Node
May 12, 1944 – Dec 3, 1945 * Dec 24, 1962 – Aug 25, 1964 * Sep 25, 1981 – Mar 16, 1983 * Apr 10, 2000 – Oct 13, 2001 • November 7, 2018 – May 5, 2020
AQUARIUS South Node/LEO North Node
Nov 22, 1942 – May 11, 1944 * Jun 11, 1961 – Dec 23, 1962 * Jan 6, 1980 – Sep 24, 1981 * October 21, 1998– Apr 10, 2000 * May 10, 2017 – November 6, 2018
PISCES South Node/VIRGO North Node
May 25, 1941 – Nov 21, 1942 * Dec 16, 1959 – Jun 10, 1961 * Jul 6, 1978 – Jan 5, 1980 * Jan 26, 1997 – Oct 20, 1998 * November 12, 2015 – May 9, 2017
https://astrostyle.com/learn-astrology/north-south-nodes/
“Nha Trang là miền quê hương cát trắng. Có những đêm nghe vọng lại, ầm ầm tiếng sóng xa đưa. Nha Trang cánh đồng bao la bát ngát. Hương quê dâng lên ngào ngạt, hòa cùng sức sống yên vui… Ai ơi, người về cho ta nhắn với. Nha Trang quê hương dịu hiền, ngàn đời lòng tôi mến yêu…”
Ai đã sinh ra và lớn lên ở Nha Trang, hoặc đã từng ghé lại đây đôi lần, đều không quên bài hát dễ thương này, mà cả một thời gian gần hai thập niên, đài phát thanh Nha Trang đã dùng làm nhạc hiệu mở đầu. Cuối tháng 3, 1975, Nha Trang bị nhận chìm trong làn sóng đỏ. Người Nha Trang đã cùng chịu chung số phận.
Kẻ bị giết, người bị tù đày, gia đình, bè bạn, thầy trò, chia ly tan tác. Số phận của nhạc sĩ Minh Kỳ, tác giả bài hát này (cùng nhiều bản nhạc về Nha Trang khác nữa) cũng đã gắn liền với định mệnh đau thương của thành phố mà ông đã được sinh ra, hết lòng yêu thương và đã gởi trọn lòng mình qua những dòng nhạc thiết tha trìu mến đó. Ông đã bị giết. Cái chết thê thảm và oan khuất của ông có lẽ được ít người Nha Trang – dù còn ở trên quê nhà, hay tha phương khắp chốn – biết đến.
Người viết bài này, có cái cơ duyên được ở chung cùng một trại tù với ông, và cũng đã được tâm sự cùng ông một vài ngày trước khi ông chết. Ðầu tháng 3, 1975, sau khi Ban Mê Thuột mất, những đơn vị từng sống chết với Cao Nguyên có lệnh triệt thoái. Tôi theo đơn vị, chỉ còn một phần tư quân số, lần lượt “di tản chiến thuật” vào Cam Ranh, rồi Vũng Tàu để tái tổ chức, trước khi tham dự những trận đánh cuối cùng “cô đơn và buồn tẻ” ở những địa danh xa lạ: Cần Giuộc, Bến Lức, thuộc tỉnh Long An, ngăn bước chân địch quân đang ồ ạt kéo về vây hãm Sài Gòn.
Ngày 28 tháng 4, 1975, tôi và cả vợ con, theo lời hẹn của người bạn chí thân, là SQ Hải Quân, có mặt tại Bến Bạch Ðằng. Nhưng đến giờ chót, trước sự ngỡ ngàng và tức giận của người bạn có lòng, tôi quyết định không cùng vợ chồng anh ấy xuống tàu di tản. Có lẽ anh không hiểu được là tôi cũng đã khổ tâm biết dường nào để có cái quyết định “sống chết” ấy, mặc dù tôi biết trước là rồi tôi cũng phải trả một cái giá, chắc không nhỏ.
Tôi không đành lòng bỏ lại những đồng đội đã theo tôi từ những quê quán miền Trung, mà giờ đây đã trở nên xa tít mịt mờ trong tay giặc; và nhất là cha tôi, người cha đã làm gà trống nuôi con từ lúc tôi mới lên ba, mà tôi được tin là ông đã bị bắt và đang bị giam giữ ở đâu đó ngoài Nha-Trang. Tôi không thể xa ông trong hoàn cảnh khốn cùng này.
Ðiều đáng ân hận nhất là, dù ở lại để chấp nhận mọi điều, nhưng tôi cũng không bao giờ có cơ hội gặp lại cha tôi. Ông đã chết trong trại cải tạo Ðá Bàn, cuối tháng 6, 1976, và đúng ngay vào cái đêm tôi bị chở bằng xe “bịt bùng” từ trại tù An Dưỡng Biên Hòa ra bến Tân Cảng để xuống tàu Sông Hương ra Bắc. Mãi gần năm năm sau tôi mới nhận được tin buồn.
Trại tù An Dưỡng Biên Hòa, cũng chính là nơi tôi đã gặp nhạc sĩ Minh Kỳ, và đã tâm tình cùng ông một ngày trước khi ông chết. Tôi trình diện tại trường Ðại Học Kiến Trúc, bị đưa lên nhốt tại trại tù binh Tam Hiệp. Một tháng sau được chuyển đến trại tù An Dưỡng Biên Hòa, nằm bên cạnh phi trường quân sự Biên Hòa.
Trại an dưỡng này, trước là một khu quân sự, về sau được chỉnh trang lại để tiếp nhận những quân nhân tù binh của ta được miền Bắc trao trả theo hiệp định Paris. Họ được nghỉ ngơi, bồi dưỡng cả sức khỏe lẫn tinh thần ở trại An Dưỡng này trước khi trở về đơn vị cũ và gia đình.
Ðến trại này, tôi gặp những anh em ở đây từ trước cùng một số mới được chuyển từ các trại khác tới. Gồm đủ các quân binh chủng, kể cả những sĩ quan biệt phái về các bộ, và cảnh sát. Trong số này có nhạc sĩ Minh Kỳ. Tôi ở Nhà 1, còn anh Minh Kỳ ở Nhà 3 (?), cách nhau khu nhà bếp (gọi là hậu cần).
Cũng như những người Nha Trang khác, lớn lên vào những năm giữa thập niên 50, đầu thập niên 60, tôi thuộc lòng những bài hát Nha Trang của nhạc sĩ Minh Kỳ, nhưng chưa hề biết tên thật và cũng chưa được hân hạnh gặp ông. Trong Nhà 1, tôi nằm bên cạnh hai anh bạn tù lớn tuổi hơn tôi. Một anh từ trường Chỉ Huy Tham Mưu, một anh làm ở Nha Quân Pháp.
Hai anh này rất tốt bụng và vui tính, có quen biết nhạc sĩ Minh Kỳ. Biết tôi là dân Nha Trang, nên có lần anh đã giới thiệu tôi với anh Minh Kỳ. Nhạc sĩ Minh Kỳ lớn tuổi hơn tôi nhiều, nên tôi gọi ông bằng anh và xưng em.
Có lẽ bản tính của anh vốn thầm lặng, ít nói, và đặc biệt trong hoàn cảnh như vừa trải qua cơn ác mộng, chưa biết ngày mai sẽ ra sao này, anh lại càng ít nói hơn. Gặp anh vài ba lần, tôi chỉ nói lên lòng hâm mộ của tôi về những bài hát Nha Trang, mà với tôi bây giờ nó lại là những kỷ niệm vô giá. Anh thường chỉ trả lời tôi bằng một nụ cười buồn.
Một đêm, cuối tháng 8, 1975 (31 tháng 8, 1975), vào khoảng 09:30 tối, cả trại tù đang chìm trong bóng đêm với cả ngàn người tù đang nằm thao thức, bởi tâm tư còn nặng trĩu lo âu, đang chờ đợi những điều bất trắc nào đó sẽ đến với số phận mình, bỗng một tiếng nổ long trời kèm theo những tiếng la thất thanh, và rồi tiếng còi báo động, tiếng chát chúa trên loa phóng thanh, lệnh cho tất cả “cải tạo viên” nằm yên tại vị trí, kẻ nào bước ra khỏi nhà sẽ bị bắn tại chỗ.
Khi đám tù chúng tôi chưa hết hoang mang, thì tiếng xích sắt xe tăng T 54 tràn vào trại rít lên từng chặp, chia nhau bao vây từng căn nhà. Hằng loạt bộ đội, súng gắn lưỡi lê, mặt tên nào cũng đằng đằng sát khí túa vào từng nhà, kéo cơ bẩm lên đạn, quát tháo chúng tôi đứng dậy ngay tại chỗ, hai tay để trên đầu. Tôi có cảm giác là chúng tôi sắp bị xử tử. Chúng tôi đứng bất động như vậy cho đến gần 10 giờ trưa. Nhìn qua khe cửa, tôi thấy mấy anh em tù ở nhà 3 khiêng một số người bị thương lên bệnh xá.
Cả ngày sau, tất cả tù đều không được ra khỏi nhà, ngoại trừ đi ra cầu tiêu và ở đó cũng có đầy lính gác. Sau đó, đúng vào ngày 2 tháng 9, Quốc khánh của VC, tất cả chúng tôi được đưa lên hội trường. Ngồi chễm chệ trên dãy bàn trước mặt chúng tôi là những “thủ trưởng” không mang quân hàm, nên chúng tôi cũng chẳng biết họ là ai.
Chúng tôi bị “nghiêm khắc” cảnh cáo là “có bọn phản động trong các anh đã giấu giếm vũ khí, mang lựu đạn Mỹ vào để nhằm phá hoại thành quả kách mệnh” (!). Sau đó chúng tôi làm “bản tự khai tội ác” và bắt đầu bài học số 1, “Ðế Quốc Mỹ là kẻ thù của nhân dân ta.”
Khi ấy chúng tôi mới biết tiếng nổ tối hôm ấy đã xảy ra tại Nhà 3, làm chết và bị thương khá nhiều. Mọi dấu tích đã được thu dọn sạch sẽ, như chưa hề có việc gì xảy ra.
Có điều cái “sự cố” thảm khốc ấy, không phải như lời “lên lớp” hù dọa của mấy ông thủ trưởng, bởi một điều rất dễ hiểu là ngay từ lúc vào trại cho đến bây giờ, đã qua hằng trăm lần kiểm soát, vả lại hành trang mang theo của mỗi người tù đâu có cái gì, ngoài hai bộ áo quần, cái khăn lau mặt và bàn chải đánh răng.
Tiền bạc và tư trang khác đã được “kách mạng” giữ hộ ngay sau khi nhập trại. Vậy thì một trái lựu đạn có phép màu nào lọt vào trong trại. Ðiều quan trọng hơn, là nếu người tù nào dám liều mạng mang được lựu đạn vào trại thì cũng chỉ nhằm mục đích giết kẻ thù chứ sao lại giết chết bao nhiêu bè bạn của mình?
Những câu hỏi đó đã có sự trả lời chính xác ngay sau đó. Một số bạn tù ở Nhà 3 và Nhà kế bên kể lại như sau: Nhà 3 (chứa khoảng 80 tù nhân, đa số là SQ Cảnh Sát) nằm đối diện ngay trước Khu Trực Ban và Nhà Vệ Binh của trại, chỉ cách nhau chừng hơn năm mét và một hàng rào kẽm gai.
Khi ấy tổ của nhạc sĩ Minh Kỳ đang họp để phân công nấu bếp vào ngày mai, thì một quả lựu đạn được quăng vào vách tôn ngay phía sau làm 3 người chết tại chỗ và khoảng 8 người bị thương.
Nhạc sĩ Minh Kỳ bị thương rất nặng, được anh em tù khiêng lên bệnh xá cùng với những anh em bị thương khác. Ông bị thương ở ngực, bụng và cổ rất nặng. Biết mình sắp chết nên trăng trối với những bạn tù:
– Tụi mày về nói với vợ tao ráng nuôi con tao, chắc tao không sống được.
Sau đó máu ở ngực và cổ chảy ra lênh láng.
Ông vừa la vừa rên:
– Sao chân lạnh quá!
– Lạnh quá! Sao bụng tao lạnh quá! Sao ngực tao lạnh quá!
Ông chết từ từ, chết từ chân đến bụng rồi đến ngực cho đến lúc tắt thở.
Một cái chết mà chính ông cảm nhận được, biết được nó đến với mình từng phút từng giây.
Sáng sớm hôm sau, anh em bạn tù, với sự giám sát của toán vệ binh VC, đem chôn các bạn tù vắn số của mình trên một mảnh rừng bên ngoài vòng đai phi trường quân sự Biên Hòa.
Ai cũng biết là trái lựu đạn giết chết nhạc sĩ Minh Kỳ cùng những người bạn tù khác, là do chính bọn VC quăng từ khu trực ban của trại phía bên kia hàng rào. (Có một số sĩ quan ngành đạn dược còn cho là tiếng nổ ấy có thể là tiếng nổ của đạn B40 hay B41, có sức tàn phá còn hơn cả lựu đạn).
Và cũng sau ngày ấy, chúng tôi phải chịu một trò chơi trả thù ác độc từ phía những người chiến thắng. Mỗi ngày chia nhau đi gỡ các bãi mìn trong hàng rào phi trường quân sự Biên Hòa.
Họ đã bày ra cái trò giết người dấu tay ở Nhà 3, để rồi lại lấy đó làm lý do giết tiếp những người còn lại bằng cái trò chơi đẫm máu “gỡ mìn” này.
Những bãi mìn này do Công Binh của ta thiết lập chằng chịt dọc theo hệ thống phòng thủ phi trường. Bây giờ, không có sơ đồ những bãi mìn, chúng tôi lại là những người không chuyên môn về mìn bẫy, có nhiều anh em giữ các chức vụ tham mưu, hay được biệt phái về các bộ khác, chưa hề thấy lại quả mìn sau ngày rời khỏi quân trường.
Vậy mà bây giờ phải tham dự cái trò chơi bất nhân này. Ngày nào cũng có mìn phát nổ, người chết, vài người mất tay, mất chân, nhưng vẫn không làm giao động được tấm lòng của những người “kách mạng!”
Và cũng chính nhờ được cắt cử đi đào huyệt chôn một người bạn tù chết mìn, sớm trả “nợ máu” sau ngày miền Nam “giải phóng” này, đám chúng tôi mới phát hiện được bốn ngôi mộ mới đã nằm sẵn tại “nghĩa trang” vô danh trong một mảnh rừng hoang. Trước mỗi ngôi mộ được đắp đất sơ sài đó có cái bia làm bằng một mảnh gỗ nhỏ.
Bọn chúng tôi lén đọc tên trên từng tấm bia viết bằng sơn đỏ, trong đó có tên Vĩnh My (Vĩnh Mỹ?). Ðó chính là tên trong khai sinh của nhạc sĩ Minh Kỳ (Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Mỹ).
Dưới sự canh gác nghiêm ngặt của đám vệ binh, tôi chẳng biết làm gì khác hơn là khi đi ngang trước mộ anh để trở về trại, chắp hai tay trước ngực và cúi đầu tưởng niệm anh cùng những bạn bè xấu số đã chết tức tưởi cùng anh.
Lòng tôi nhói lên đau đớn như vừa bị một nhát chém hư vô nào đó. Trong tôi vừa mới mất thêm một điều gì, mà với tôi nó trở thành thiêng liêng hơn là kỷ niệm. Nhiều đêm sau đó tôi trằn trọc cả đêm không ngủ.
Dư âm những bài hát NhaTrang của anh lúc nào cũng văng vẳng bên tai tôi. Tâm tư lúc nào cũng mơ màng đến thành phố Nha Trang, đến ngôi trường Võ Tánh, nhớ da diết những kỷ niệm ấu thơ, của những ngày đi học, và hình dung đến từng khuôn mặt bè bạn thân quen… Cũng mới đây thôi, mà bây giờ tưởng chừng như đã là một quá khứ thật xa xăm, mơ hồ như kiếp trước.
Ba mươi năm chiến tranh trên quê hương đã đem lại biết bao điều bi thảm. Vậy mà sau khi chiến tranh chấm dứt lại còn nhiều bi thảm hơn. Cái chết của nhạc sĩ Minh Kỳ cũng chỉ là một trong hàng vạn, hàng triệu điều oan khiên bi thảm đó. Nhưng chúng ta xót xa và nhớ đến nhạc sĩ Minh Kỳ, bởi chính vì ông là một nghệ sĩ, một người đã sống và cống hiến cho đời bằng chính trái tim mình.
Ðặc biệt với những người NhaTrang và những người yêu Nha Trang, đã mang ơn Ông vì Ông đã cho chúng ta những dòng nhạc biểu tượng của quê nhà, mà chúng ta sẽ mang theo dư âm tiếng hát cho đến suốt cuộc đời.
Với tôi, những đau đớn này cứ tưởng chỉ chôn chặt trong lòng, không ngờ sau khi xem chương trình nhạc Lê-Dinh trên Thúy Nga Paris trước đây, trong đó nhạc sĩ Lê-Dinh có nhắc tới cái chết của nhạc sĩ Minh Kỳ, và mới đây là chương trình Huyền Thoại Lê Minh Bằng trên Asia, đã làm tôi nhớ thật nhiều đến cái chết của Ông và ngồi xuống viết lại những dòng này.
Xin được thay một nén hương lòng đốt lên cho một người đồng hương, đồng tù, bỏ bạn bè ra đi bằng một cái chết thảm thương, oan khuất… Cũng để được nói lên lòng tiếc thương một nhạc sĩ tài hoa đã làm Nha Trang sống mãi trong lòng người. Và nếu được phép, xin gởi một lời chia buồn thật muộn màng nhưng với trọn tấm lòng đến gia đình ông.
Bài viết tuy đã lâu, nhưng mỗi lần đọc lại tôi vẫn cảm thấy cái chết bi thảm của người nhạc sĩ quen tên này làm xúc động, và nhớ lại những lời hát truyền cảm tình yêu quê hương của ông. Mong tác giả nhận nơi tôi lời cám ơn đã khắc sâu thêm tội ác của tập đoàn băng đảng Mác Lê. Kính.
https://www.nguoi-viet.com/van-hoc-nghe-thuat/Cai-chet-oan-khuat-cua-nhac-si-Minh-Ky-3128/
If you really want to get off the grid in Indonesia then consider taking a trip to Papua (also known as Irian Jaya) where you can enjoy gorgeous scenery as well as some of the best diving in the world. Papua is technically part of Indonesia although it is not to be confused with Papua New Guinea which is a separate country.
Located far away from central hubs in Indonesia like Java and Bali, Papua is covered is acres of gorgeous rainforest as well as tinkling rivers and gushing waterfalls. Visitors here can also enjoy long white sandy beaches as well as splendid wavy coral reefs, and anyone who likes diving is in for a treat as the visibility is so clear that you will be able to spot a huge variety of underwater life.
Papua is also an important spot in terms of culture, and you can get a glimpse at the amazing tribal art here in the form of ancient cave paintings that still exist in some spots. Getting to Papua and getting around the island takes time, as many parts are only accessible by boat, but it is more than worth it to explore one of the last great untouched spots left in Indonesia, if not the world.
https://www.thecrazytourist.com/15-best-places-visit-papua-indonesia/
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Recent genetic research shows that there were multiple interbreeding events. Melanesians today, as a result, are part Denisovan, and non-Africans carry at least 1-4 percent Neanderthal DNA in their genomes. There is even DNA evidence suggesting that another, as of yet unknown, hominid contributed to the present European and Asian gene pool.
Mating between different groups was not limited to Eurasia. "Interbreeding among various archaic Homo sapiens populations surely occurred in Africa, particularly given that Africa is considered to be the place of origin for modern humans to have arisen," co-author Christopher Bae of the University of Hawaii at Manoa told Seeker.
"This greater genetic diversity in Africa has long been considered part of the justification to consider Africa as having a longer history for modern humans than Asia," Bae said. "On a related note, though, researchers have tied higher population density in Africa as also another explanation for the higher genetic diversity on the continent."
https://www.seeker.com/culture/the-out-of-africa-story-of-human-migration-is-undergoing-major-revision
Peregrine falcons, the world’s fastest-moving animal, are found on six continents around the world. Once an endangered species in the United States, their population comeback has been attributed to the widespread ban of DDT and other pesticides in the 1970s, and is a great success story in conservation. It is easy to see why these remarkable birds are so charismatic.
Peregrine falcons hunt unknowing prey by diving from above at speeds of up to 200 miles per hour, maintaining an astounding degree of maneuverability and precision. However, conducting in-depth analysis of the aerodynamic properties of peregrine falcons is no easy task.
Dives are infrequent in the wild, we usually only see them from a distance, and their blistering speeds make the birds difficult to film. Nevertheless, that is exactly what a team of researchers in Germany managed to do, and they recently published the results in PLOS ONE.
https://blogs.plos.org/everyone/2014/03/01/falcon-physics-science-diving-peregrine-falcons/
In grow out farming system, young crabs are raised and grown for a certain period of 5 to 6 months till they reach marketing size and weight. This type of crab farming system is generally pond based. The pond size depends on the production type. Generally ponds for crab farming sized between 0.5 to 2 hectors.
A symphony of chaos, New York City buzzes and screeches around me in all directions. Bodies jockeying for space. The streets and air are stained with grunge. The buildings close out the sky. I walk through pockets of smells.
One second, the rich heat of flat crust pizza. The next, the stinging sharpness of urine. New York is an assault on the senses. It overwhelms you. I have come here to gather people so as set off a ripple of consciousness within the unconsciousness.
architecture-blue-sky-buildings-1400249.jpg This is not my first time to New York City. It has a way of staying the same. Of all the cities in America, doing an energetic diagnosis on New York makes me the most uncomfortable. It makes me uncomfortable because of just how identified New Yorkers are with New York. Indeed many of them cannot conceive in their hearts that anything exists West of the Hudson.
The people, who love this city, LOVE this city and defend it with fervor. I’m used to people identifying with the location where they live to the degree that they feel personally offended by any critique of it. But knowing the NYC psyche, I fear an unusually high amount of backlash. But today, I’m going for it anyway...
action-architecture-billboard-1486222.jpgThe dominant negative vibration of New York City is: “Cut Throat”. This is the word, which best sums up the particular flavor of callous aggression that drags down the vibration here.
It does not simply flavor the city. It owns the city. This is what gives New York its reputation for being the most unfriendly city in America. What is confusing about the average New Yorker is that this unfriendliness does not come in the form you would expect it.
One would expect an unfriendly person to be aloof and to keep a distance between themselves and you. But New Yorkers do not do this. They are not aloof. To the contrary, they easily strike up conversation to the degree that one could say they even insert themselves in your space and business. They are outgoing but, at the turn of a dime, that outgoing energy can turn harsh and aggressive.
Argument is an experience generally avoided amongst people. Conflict is uncomfortable. But New York is a city full of inflamed Egos. And Egos like to feel a sense of self. Egos feel this sense of self strongly when they are in opposition to something. And so, it seems like everywhere you go in New York is an argument or interpersonal conflict of some kind. Anger serves to suppress the fear that the people feel here.
I remember hearing once that though rats are generally peaceful, friendly creatures, if you put them in a cage that is too crowded; they start to eat each other. To the negative, New York is like a rat cage that is too small. The competition for space, resources, ruthless achievement and a sense of self within the world has made this city “Cut Throat”. dominant positive vibration of New York City is: “Vocation”.
Vocation is a strong feeling of suitability for a specific occupation (most often it comes in the form of a career). Employment is usually the main occupation people have in life. And New York is ripe with people who regard their employment as being particularly worthy and of requiring great dedication. This dedication can be an inspirational thing. It fills the city with the feeling of being driven and it makes you want to get up and get moving.
In the spiritual world, we mostly teach people how to get beyond doing and just be. Being is therefore valued over doing. But the truth is that doing is a beautiful thing. Doing is a natural expression of being as long as it is not done to escape being. New York City is a place full of doing, which is why you can wake up at 3:00 am and walk out into a city that does not sleep. Sirens blaze all night with the rush of traffic and lights.
People in New York have work to do. As a result, it feels like things are getting done and happening here. The relentless pace of life in New York can be its greatest downfall and its greatest gift. There is so much buzz to the city it would be very hard to get bored here. This buzz one feels on the New York Street feels like it’s own dimension. London is the city in the world that is the most similar vibrationally to New York.
But in London there is an heir of “meandering or wandering” to the pedestrians on the streets. In New York, the heir is about purposefully charging forward. And if you walk out onto the street, you had better follow suit or you’ll be trampled to death. It’s like walking into a very fast moving current; it quickly teaches you to go with the flow.
20151010_152656.jpgAfter this weekend’s workshop, I have decided to take a look at changing the format of my synchronization workshops. I don’t know exactly how yet, but like any good event, they evolve over time. I’m going to allow this change to take place as they have a life of their own and I’m curious about what they want to become.
It seems change is happening in all areas of life right now. Sometimes, we collectively go through this process. This year all areas of life are being forced to change form and function. We are in the instability of change so that we can find true stability.
Think of it like a purification process. When we ask for the best possible version of life, our life has to mutate to become that. In the unstable transition from where we are to where we want to be, we step out into the unknown. Transition is not easy or comforting.
As a result, the background noise in many of our lives right now is anxiety. It is tempting to think that anxiety means something is going wrong. But I assure you it is not. It is simply that we are being pushed WAY past our comfort zones into a new frontier. And when we confront the unknown, we project all the fears we have from past experiences into the unknown and in turn begin to fear it.
We need to own up to and face what we are really afraid of. We need to turn around and face the fears that we are projecting into the unknown. Because the unknown has become a scapegoat that keeps us locked in a vicious pattern of avoiding what we are really afraid of. So… What are you REALLY afraid of?
https://tealswan.com/teals-blog/new-york-new-york/
Over two million people suffer with depression annually in South Korea, but only 15,000 choose to receive regular treatment. Because mental illnesses are looked down upon in Korean society, families often discourage those with mental illnesses from seeking treatment.
Bipedalism is a form of terrestrial locomotion where an organism moves by means of its two rear limbs or legs. An animal or machine that usually moves in a bipedal manner is known as a biped, meaning "two feet". Types of bipedal movement include walking, running, or hopping.
Out of Africa theory map showing origin, time period, and migratory routes out of Africa. Recently, I was re-reading the out of Africa theory, you know the one that is a conclusion based on mitochondrial mutations and mutations in the sex chromosome carried by men.
Very interesting. A very logical argument and very convincing because of this. I could not help imagining myself tapping the scientists involved on the back, but as this image unfolded, the realisation started to dawn that there was something very wrong with the theory, something that makes it bogus, scientific crap, or, maybe just a tiny fragment of a whole truth that it cannot speak for or stand for.
So, I retracted my hand and moved back ... into the shadow of self, to think this over. My attention had been called to another scientific fact that contradicted the theory. This one is found in the theory of evolution, particularly the survival of the fittest bit ... and it has to do with the known issue of the adverse effects on survivability as well as the genetic diversity of the group that is left with in-breeding as the only method of procreation.
One thing has become very clear from archaeological remains from the era the Out of Africa theory deals with, and it is that human groups were very small at the time the migrations out of Africa are supposed to have taken place. There were no large cities with millions of inhabitants, just clusters of villages with but a handful of people. Archaeological remains have it that these settlements seldom grew till they had hundreds of people.
Moving forward from that time to the present, we have to admit the genetic diversity found among sub-Saharan Africans is impossible if small groups of human beings, made smaller by constant migrations of people from their numbers, were left to breed their way into the future.
Such genetic diversity as is found on the continent does not occur spontaneously within a small population except by magic, and this has nothing to do with the real world but fiction.
There is only one way this can happen, and this is by constant migrations away from the group, and, as the different environments cause differences to arise between the separated people, remigration occurs before the negative effects of in-breeding have taken hold, otherwise one group will fail to breed with the other because they will find them too ugly or, there will be breeding but the offspring will not be very viable beings.
Remigrations back to Africa must have been repetitive for the current genetic diversity on the continent to happen. They must have become the norm at some point in pre-history, maybe even history, if we remember the populations that migrated into Ancient Egypt.
Fact of this matter is this, that people who had moved away from Africa into colder northern climes returned to Africa, then others moved away again but, after undergoing genetic alterations under different environmental circumstances, they flowed back into the African blood pool.
This is how Africa got genetically diverse. Though this theory fails to pinpoint the exact geographical location where the first homo sapiens sapiens evolved, it shows very clearly that the Out of Africa theory misses the point ... by a wide margin, and also that it, like my theory, cannot pin point the origin of this species to which we belong.
The Out of Africa theory can fit perfectly into my theory once it is expanded upon, but it cannot be the explanation of the whole. It is, in fact, a tiny subset of my theory, and it is just a matter of time before it is officially exposed for the fraudulent attempt to racially delineate the origins of homo sapiens sapiens that it is.
http://coherent-madness.blogspot.com/2017/02/debunking-out-of-africa-theory.html
The Five of Pentacles represents poverty and neediness. Poverty is not just a financial condition one suffers; it is a pervasive state of mind. "How am I going to pay for this?"
"If I don't give him more money for the hundredth time it will be my fault if something bad happens?" "I wish I could just get lucky and win the lottery." "I'm just not good with money." "When can I get out of this debt?" "Why am I so worthless?" "Why don't they appreciate me?"
These are all examples of poverty consciousness. Even rich people can get stuck in poverty consciousness. This is because poverty is not actually about money. It's really about self-esteem.
Do you ever feel that success is granted to everybody else but continues to elude you? Are you adequately compensated for the work you do? Do you feel confident enough to put up boundaries with others? Do you value yourself and the services you provide? Do you need to get a new job?
The people depicted on the Five of Pentacles have fallen on hard times. They are sick and injured. Behind them is a cathedral, emitting warmth and glowing with light. The poor folks on the card don’t even think to enter. They are rejected “untouchables.”
The feel they are on the outside. They truly don’t consider themselves as worthy of a place inside. They have allowed poverty consciousness to enter their hearts. Once this belief is let in, it’s challenging to cast it out.
In ancient Greece the Goddess of Poverty was named Penia. This Goddess would wander from house to house, much like the vagabonds on the card. Penia would bang on the doors of everyone until someone without boundaries let her in. Once Penia was in the house, it was so difficult to get her to leave.
She would constantly make the occupants feel obligated, worthless and guilty. Penia stayed indefinitely until the individual took back their home by casting her out. In this case, the home is a symbol for one’s heart.
Giving to others and being of service must be done with boundaries. The old saying: "Give a man a fish feed him for a day, teach a man to fish and you feed him a lifetime," encapsulates this truth.
There is one force on the planet that can eradicate poverty consciousness: Self-Esteem. When you feel smart, capable, competent, and confident you know your self-worth. If an individual feels worthy, poverty consciousness cannot gain a foothold.
Unscrupulous individuals can't "use" people who are strong in their sense of self-worth. Users and manipulators are like predators. They go for the weakest one when hunting for a sucker. The Five of Pentacles alerts you to any person or situation that seeks to make you feel less than. It’s time to create strong boundaries.
Know your worth and value. Stop giving yourself away if you are running on empty. Put up boundaries with needy individuals. Speak up for yourself! Help others only if they are helping themselves. Go for your best opportunities.
When the Five of Pentacles appears reversed, it asks you to identify any areas of your life that you are pouring energy into, without seeing any improvement. This can come in the form of giving your energy to "psychic vampires," spending your time to people that don't respect it or pouring your money into a situation or person that continues to make you feel bad or guilty.
At the root of these experiences are questions of worth, and more importantly, what sort of life you feel you are worthy of. Stop spending energy, time and money on people or situations that leave you feeling depleted. Ask yourself, “What is the area of my life that is the biggest energy-waster?”
The Five of Pentacles reversed also asks you to monitor the quality of your thoughts. You don't have to hold onto thoughts just because you have them. Some thoughts are garbage and need to be thrown away. Upright or reversed, the Five of Pentacles asks you to reject any thoughts that undermine your sense of value. Affirm only those thoughts that make you feel good about yourself.
The Five of Pentacles reversed reminds you to stop giving yourself away to experiences that make you feel empty. You can choose to throw out any thought, person, or experience that does not make you feel good about who you are, how far you've come, and where you are going.
You are becoming more aware of the love, blessings, and abundance that surrounds you. You are coming out of the bitter snow, and toward the warmth of the hearth. Remember that you are worthy of each blessing you have, and all those that are still on the way.
https://www.elliotoracle.com/blog/2017/9/22/the-card-of-the-day-the-five-of-pentacles-reversed
Are your days of sitting on the fence done? Have you found a reason to keep living? Are you feeling refreshed and looking forward to moving on? Has a casual interest turned into a dominating philosophy of life that you are pursuing as your true calling?
Are you able to brush aside the ambiguities and obfuscations of the past and clarify exactly what it is you have been through? When the Judgment card arrives in your Tarot reading, it is time to take a stand as the hardest choices become obvious after the simplest of appraisals.
The top half of this card is a depiction of an angel blowing his horn. In most Tarot decks, his large wings are astride wispy gray and white clouds out of which his arms extend to clasp a large golden horn, upon which he is pressing his lips. Attached to the musical instrument is a square white flag with a red cross.
The illustrated lines emanating from out of the trumpet indicate that Gabriel is blowing his horn. Beneath him, the graves of the departed have all opened and the dead have begun to rise. The landscape is an almost monochrome blue-gray in contrast to the red wings, the fiery orange and yellow hair and the colorful horn and flag of the angel above.
This is the scene of the last judgment as described in many mythologies. In the end times, the archangel Gabriel will blow his trumpet and summon the dead to rise.
They are about to meet their maker and discover whether or not they are to spend eternity in heaven or in hell. There is an absolute nature to the final judgment of legend that is imbued in the Judgment Tarot card. When this card appears in your Tarot reading, be assured that absolutes are about to take place.
Meaning in Past, Present and Future Positions - When you receive a Tarot reading, the cards are pulled from the deck and placed before you. The pattern of cards is divided into three areas of meaning: your past, your present and your future. Landing in one area can bring out select parts of a card’s true meaning and will be subtly different from an appearance in a different area.
When Judgment appears in the past position, you made a big decision to go along with one way of thinking. This might have been in your youth or it might have been a few weeks ago. This card does not guarantee that you made the right decision.
Your current foundation rests on having taken a particular path and the results of this decision may be the reason you are seeking a Tarot reading. Regardless, you may be defining who you are by the decision you made in the past to follow a certain calling. Now you are taking stock of where you are in your life in relation to where you want to be because of that big move.
In the present position, Judgment is reflecting your internal conflict about making a big decision. The finality of this choice is quite apparent to you, even if it seems small to others and is perhaps even dismissed by those close to you.
The presence of this card can give you little guidance over your choice. While many Tarot cards have a sense of inevitability about them, the Judgment card in the present position is powerful in that your free will is on the line here. All this card represents is that the decision you are about to make is, in fact, an epic one.
An especially powerful placement of this card is the future position. When Judgment is here, the murkiness, guilt, burdens and misery are about to go. A coming incident will allow you to finally see the possibilities. It will be like you have been a ghoulish zombie in a graveyard of your own creation and the sudden blowing of a trumpet will pull you out of your stupor and give you a second lease on life with a definite sense of purpose and an obvious direction.
When your Tarot cards are dealt, they do not stand alone. They speak as a group. The presence of various cards has an influence on what other cards in a reading will mean.
The Judgment card is numbered #20 in the Tarot’s Major Arcana. It is most closely related to the other two cards that end in zero: The Fool (card #0) and The Wheel of Fortune (card #10). The Fool looks at every decision as meaningless, The Wheel of Fortune divides up the times in our lives into ups and downs and Judgment completes the themes by calling us to a most critical juncture in order to move on.
The cards ending in zero make the evolution from ambiguity (represented by The Fool) toward the universe having a random impact on our lives (The Wheel of Fortune) and finally to our personal decisions and the weight they have on our own destiny (the Judgment card). When either The Fool or The Wheel of Fortune is in a reading with Judgment, the road you choose will have a lifetime of positive reinforcement about it.
When Judgment pairs up with The Hermit card, a relationship that is in the final stages will result in a productive period of being single. The opposite is true if The Lovers card is present in a Tarot reading – combined with the Judgment card, a marriage or live-in commitment is in the works.
When the Temperance card is combined with this card, a decision to quit drinking or doing drugs is imminent. The step of sobriety is a giant leap epitomized by the Judgment card and made possible by the Temperance card. When the Five of Swords is in a reading with Judgment, a decision to go at it on your own has at its roots a desire to spite an old acquaintance or family member. Independence will not be as you imagine.
When the Ace of Swords is in a reading with Judgment, expect to give an interview, legal testimony or lecture that has a profound impact on the lives of many people. While this could be a highlight in many peoples’ lives, a moment that carries such import is almost an ordinary occurrence in the routine of a schoolteacher.
Judgment’s impact does not portend that this is a unique occurrence that can happen only once in a lifetime – the presence of this card may mark one great turn of events in your life, but you are just as likely to have many others, as you are none at all. The card carries no weight as to how often a big change might occur, only that its impact is absolute and influential.
https://www.keen.com/articles/tarot/judgment-tarot-card
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