Phùng Hưng (? - 791) - Phùng An là thủ lĩnh cầm đầu cuộc khởi nghĩa chống lại sự thống trị của nhà Đường ở Việt Nam thời Bắc thuộc lần thứ ba (602-905), đuổi được người phương Bắc và cầm quyền cai trị một thời gian.
Tiểu sử - Đền thờ Phùng Hưng tại quê hương Cam Lâm, Đường Lâm. Phùng Hưng xuất thân từ dòng dõi cự tộc lâu đời ở đất Đường Lâm nay là xã Đường Lâm, Sơn Tây, TP Hà Nội. Đường Lâm xưa kia vốn là vùng đất gò đồi và rừng cây rậm rạp bởi vậy mới có tên gọi là "đường lâm". Cho tới nay ngày sinh của ông vẫn chưa rõ.
Các sách chính sử như Đại Việt Sử ký Toàn thư,Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám Cương mục ghi ông mất năm 791, chỉ một thời gian ngắn sau khi đuổi được giặc Bắc phương. Một nguồn dã sử cho biết ông sinh ngày 25 tháng 11 năm 760 (tức 5-1-761) và mất ngày 13 tháng 8 năm Nhâm Ngọ (tức 13-9-802), thọ 41 tuổi.
Phùng Hưng có tên tự là Công Phấn, cháu 7 đời của Phùng Tói Cái - người đã từng vào trong cung vua Đường Cao Tổ, thời niên hiệu Vũ Đức (618-626) dự yến tiệc và làm quan lang ở đất Đường Lâm.
Bố của Phùng Hưng là Phùng Hạp Khanh - một người hiền tài đức độ. Khoảng năm Nhâm Tuất (722) đời Đường Huyền Tông niên hiệu Khai Nguyên, Phùng Hạp Khanh đã tham gia cuộc khởi nghĩa của Mai Thúc Loan(tức Mai Hắc Đế).
Sau đó, ông trở về quê chăm chú công việc điền viên, trở nên giàu có, trong nhà nuôi nô tỳ có đến hàng nghìn người. Theo sự tích, Phùng Hạp Khanh có một người vợ họ Sử. Ông bà sinh một lần được ba người con trai khôi ngô khác thường, lớn lên ai cũng có sức khỏe, có thể kéo trâu, quật hổ.
Anh cả là Phùng Hưng, em thứ hai là Phùng Hải (tự là Tư Hào) và em út là Phùng Dĩnh (tự là Danh Đạt). Đến năm ba anh em 18 tuổi thì bố mẹ đều mất. Trong ba anh em, anh cả Phùng Hưng là người có sức khỏe và khí phách đặc biệt. Sự nghiệp - Việt Nam thời thuộc Đường gọi là An Nam đô hộ phủ, khi đó đang nằm dưới ách cai trị hà khắc của bọn quan đô hộ.
Các quan đô hộ nhà Đường ra sức vơ vét của cải của người dân Việt Nam, bắt người dân Việt phải đóng sưu cao thuế nặng khiến lòng người ngày càng căm phẫn.
Phùng Hưng nối nghiệp cha trở thành hào trưởng đất Đường Lâm. Cho tới nay dân gian vẫn còn lưu truyền câu chuyện ông dùng mưu kế giết hổ dữ mang lại bình yên cho làng xóm.
Năm 767, Cao Chính Bình, hiệu úy châu Vũ Định (miền Việt Bắc) giúp kinh lược sứ An Namlà Trương Bá Nghi đánh bại được cuộc xâm lược của quân Chà Và (Java) ở Chu Diên, sau đó được cử làm đô hộ An Nam. Chính Bình ra sức vơ vét của cải của nhân dân, đánh thuế rất nặng.
Khoảng niên hiệu Đại Lịch (766-779), chưa rõ đích xác vào năm nào, nhân lòng căm phẫn của người dân, lợi dụng khi quân lính ở Tống Bình (Hà Nội) nổi loạn, Phùng Hưng đã phát động một cuộc khởi nghĩa lớn chống chính quyền đô hộ.
Đền thờ Phùng Hưng tại thôn Mông Phụ, Đường Lâm, Sơn Tây, Hà Nội. Cuộc khởi nghĩa do Phùng Hưng phát động nhận được sự hưởng ứng rộng rãi của người dân từ khắp các miền đất Giao châu.
Thoạt đầu, anh em họ Phùng nổi dậy làm chủ Đường Lâm rồi nghĩa quân tiến lên đánh chiếm được cả một miền rộng lớn quanh vùng thuộcPhong Châu, xây dựng thành căn cứ chống giặc. Phùng Hưng xưng là Đô Quân;
Phùng Hải xưng là Đô Bảo và Phùng Dĩnh xưng là Đô Tổng, chia quân đi trấn giữ những nơi hiểm yếu. Cao Chính Bình đem quân đi đàn áp nhưng chưa phân thắng bại. Tình hình diễn ra như vậy hơn 20 năm.
https://www.facebook.com/DK.Nguyen2
Được sự trợ giúp của người cùng làng có nhiều mưu lược là Đỗ Anh Hàn, tháng 4 năm Tân Mùi (791), Phùng Hưng từ chỗ cầm cự đã cùng các tướng lĩnh đem quân vây đánh thành Tống Bình.
Quân của Phùng Hưng chia làm 5 đạo do các tướng Phùng Hải, Phùng Dĩnh, Đỗ Anh Hàn, Bồ Phá Cần và chủ tướng Phùng Hưng tiến công vây thành. Phần lớn các truyền thuyết đều kể rằng:
Phùng Hưng nhận thấy lực lượng chưa thật đủ mạnh để đè bẹp quân địch, ông đã cùng các tướng tỏa đi xung quanh chiêu mộ thêm binh lính và sắm thêm vũ khí, còn việc vây thành được giao cho 3 người cháu gái họ Phùng, gọi Phùng Hưng bằng bác.
www.facebook.com/ash.noka.77
Cuộc chiến đấu sau đó diễn ra quyết liệt, quân Đường chết nhiều, Cao Chính Bình phải vào cố thủ trong thành, lo sợ cuối cùng bị ốm rồi chết. Phùng Hưng chiếm lĩnh thành trì và vào phủ Đô hộ, coi chính sự đất nước.
Qua đời - Chính sử chép rằng ông cầm quyền cai trị không lâu sau đó đã qua đời ngay trong năm 791. Các sử gia hiện nay xác định ông mất khoảng tháng 5 năm 791.
Nguồn dã sử Việt điện U linh của Lý Tế Xuyên và giai thoại dân gian cho rằng: ông cầm quyền được 7 năm, nhưng lại mất năm 802[. Thông tin này không phù hợp về logic:
Năm 791 giành được Tống Bình mà mất năm 802 tức là Phùng Hưng cầm quyền trong 11 năm chứ không phải 7 năm. GS Nguyễn Khắc Thuần cho rằng: Lý Tế Xuyên và truyền thuyết dân gian đã có sự lầm lẫn: hơn 7 năm là thời gian tính từ khi Phùng Hưng làm chủ khu vực quanh Đường Lâm tới khi ông mất, chứ không phải tính từ khi ông làm chủ Tống Bình. Ông được nhân dân suy tôn là Bố Cái Đại Vương (布蓋大王).
Đền thờ - Lăng Mộ và đền thờ chính - Bàn thờ Phùng Hưng (nơi đặt linh vị của ông) tại đền thờ ở thôn Mông Phụ, Đường Lâm. Lăng mộ Phùng Hưng ngày nay nằm ở đầu phố Giảng Võ, quận Ba Đình, thành phố Hà Nội.
Đền thờ ông được dựng lên ở nhiều nơi như quê hương Đường Lâm, đình Quảng Bá (Tây Hồ), đình Triều Khúc (Thanh Trì, Hà Nội), thờ ở lăng Đại Áng, Phương Trung, Hoạch An, phủ Thanh Oai (Hà Nội); tại xã Gia Thanh, Gia Viễn tỉnh Ninh Bình có 3 ngôi đền thờ Bố Cái Đại Vương, tương truyền ông mất tại đây.
Sau này đất Đường Lâm quê ông còn xuất hiện một vị vua nữa - Ngô Quyền, người đánh bại cuộc xâm lược của Nam Hán, chấm dứt 1000 năm Bắc thuộc (938). Do vậy Đường Lâm còn được biết đến với tên gọi "Đất hai Vua".
https://sites.google.com/site/vietnamanhung/giai-doan/10-thuoc-dhuong/phung-hung
One of the most fascinating cicada behaviors can be observed in one of the four species in the Brood V group that’s emerging for the next two weeks. The magicicada cassini (cass-uh-nye) can make a tree look like it’s indeed something out of a fairy tale.
“This species makes a click noise before their mating call – that whirring sound – and they’ll move en masse if they don’t get a response. So if they click, call and don’t hear any females clicking back, they’ll all fly away from a tree all at once.
It’s almost like seeing the tree breathe away the cicadas. It’s very cool,” said Kelly Hougland, a researcher and doctoral candidate with the University of Missouri studying cicada emergence at Abernathy Field Station in Amwell Township, in partnership with Washington & Jefferson College.
That collective Marco Polo mating call is partly why Hougland has a hunch that the mud bugs are doing more than simply sapping away nutrients from trees during their 17 years underground.
The 33-year-old St. Louis native has set up cameras and underground sound-detection devices to gather data on whether cicadas communicate before emergence. In other words, do they “chat” about the weather before collectively deciding to burrow out from the ground?
“The current literature focuses on soil temperature. I’m looking at how they decide and when they come out of the ground. Since temperature is understood as the primary motivator for when they come up – once the soil gets warm enough – there must be something else going on, because there are shady spots, rocks and other factors that prevent perception of true surface soil temperature,” Hougland said.
Hougland’s lab at the University of Missouri focuses on treehoppers, to which cicadas are a close cousin. Their diverse social interactions gave Hougland the hunch cicadas might engage in similar collaborative, collective-intelligence behavior.
“Treehoppers will make big, macro decisions on feeding. Once they vote, of sorts, and decide a threshold has been met that there’s no more food available, they’ll move all at once – like the cicada mating calls as adults,” Hougland said.
To account for other variables, Hougland set up “isolation pots” with cicada nymphs he dug out of the ground. It could be anything from a mole to a cricket contributing to the cacophony of underground noise, so he’ll isolate sound frequencies made by nymphs to help clear up what sounds are actually made by them.
One of the most fascinating cicada behaviors can be observed in one of the four species in the Brood V group that’s emerging for the next two weeks. The magicicada cassini (cass-uh-nye) can make a tree look like it’s indeed something out of a fairy tale.
“This species makes a click noise before their mating call – that whirring sound – and they’ll move en masse if they don’t get a response. So if they click, call and don’t hear any females clicking back, they’ll all fly away from a tree all at once.
It’s almost like seeing the tree breathe away the cicadas. It’s very cool,” said Kelly Hougland, a researcher and doctoral candidate with the University of Missouri studying cicada emergence at Abernathy Field Station in Amwell Township, in partnership with Washington & Jefferson College.
That collective Marco Polo mating call is partly why Hougland has a hunch that the mud bugs are doing more than simply sapping away nutrients from trees during their 17 years underground.
The 33-year-old St. Louis native has set up cameras and underground sound-detection devices to gather data on whether cicadas communicate before emergence. In other words, do they “chat” about the weather before collectively deciding to burrow out from the ground?
“The current literature focuses on soil temperature. I’m looking at how they decide and when they come out of the ground. Since temperature is understood as the primary motivator for when they come up – once the soil gets warm enough – there must be something else going on, because there are shady spots, rocks and other factors that prevent perception of true surface soil temperature,” Hougland said.
Hougland’s lab at the University of Missouri focuses on treehoppers, to which cicadas are a close cousin. Their diverse social interactions gave Hougland the hunch cicadas might engage in similar collaborative, collective-intelligence behavior.
“Treehoppers will make big, macro decisions on feeding. Once they vote, of sorts, and decide a threshold has been met that there’s no more food available, they’ll move all at once – like the cicada mating calls as adults,” Hougland said.
To account for other variables, Hougland set up “isolation pots” with cicada nymphs he dug out of the ground. It could be anything from a mole to a cricket contributing to the cacophony of underground noise, so he’ll isolate sound frequencies made by nymphs to help clear up what sounds are actually made by them.
https://observer-reporter.com/news/localnews/cicada-researcher-bring-an-umbrella-under-trees/article_4bc3c20f-74c1-5dc2-b279-2d6e2edc65e4.html
Imagine emerging into the sun after 17 long years spent lying underground, only for your butt to fall off. That ignominious fate regularly befalls America’s cicadas. These bugs spend their youth underground, feeding on roots.
After 13 or 17 years of this, they synchronously erupt from the soil in plagues of biblical proportions for a few weeks of song and sex. But on their way out, some of them encounter the spores of a fungus called Massospora.
How conspiracy theories captured the American mind. Shadowland, an immersive project from The Atlantic, explores the forces loosening our grip on reality. A week after these encounters, the hard panels of the cicadas’ abdomens slough off, revealing a strange white “plug.”
That’s the fungus, which has grown throughout the insect, consumed its organs, and converted the rear third of its body into a mass of spores. The de-derriered insects go about their business as if nothing unusual has happened.
And as they fly around, the spores rain down from their exposed backsides, landing on other cicadas and saturating the soil. “We call them flying saltshakers of death,” says Matt Kasson, who studies fungi at West Virginia University.
Massospora and its butt-eating powers were first discovered in the 19th century, but Kasson and his colleagues have only just shown that it has another secret: It doses its victims with mind-altering drugs. Perhaps that’s why “the cicadas walk around as if nothing’s wrong even though a third of their body has fallen off,” Kasson says.
To study these fungi, “you really have to be in the right place at the right time,” Kasson says. For him, the time was May 2016, when billions of periodical cicadas emerged throughout the northeastern United States.
He and his colleagues collected around 150 of the unfortunate saltshakers. And a year later, a colleague supplemented this collection with infected banger-wing cicadas—a different species that emerges annually.
Greg Boyce, a member of Kasson’s team, looked at all the chemicals found in the white fungal plugs of the various cicadas. And to his shock, he found that the banger-wings were loaded with psilocybin—the potent hallucinogen found in magic mushrooms.
“At first, I thought: There’s absolutely no way,” he says. “It seemed impossible.” After all, no one has ever detected psilocybin in anything other than mushrooms, and those fungi have been evolving separately from Massospora for around 900 million years.
The surprises didn’t stop there. “I remember looking over at Greg one night and he had a strange look on his face,” Kasson recalls. “He said, ‘Have you ever heard of cathinone?’” Kasson hadn’t, but a quick search revealed that it’s an amphetamine.
It had never been found in a fungus before. Indeed, it was known only from the khat plant that has long been chewed by people from the Middle East and the Horn of Africa. But apparently, cathinone is also produced by Massaspora as it infects periodical cicadas.
The team took great pains to check that Massospora really does contain these unexpected drugs. They showed that the substances are found only in the infected cicadas and not in the uninfected ones. They found that the fungus has the right genes for making these chemicals, and contains the precursor substances that you’d expect.
And at some point during this work, it dawned on Kasson that he was working with illicit substances. Psilocybin, in particular, is a Schedule I drug, and researchers who study it need a permit from the Drug Enforcement Administration. “I thought: Oh, crap,” he says. “Then I thought: OH CRAP. The DEA is going to come in here, tase me, and confiscate my flying saltshakers.”
He sent them an email. “This is … interesting,” read the initial response. “You have to understand that this is not something we normally get emails about.”
After some discussion, the agency decided that no permit was required, since the drug is found in such small quantities within the cicadas, and since Kasson had no plans for concentrating it.
I asked Kasson if it’s possible to get high by eating Massospora-infected cicadas. Surprisingly, he didn’t say no. “Based on the ones we looked at, it would probably take a dozen or more,” he said.
But it’s possible that earlier in the infections, before the conspicuous saltshaker stage, the fungus might pump out higher concentrations of these chemicals. Why? Kasson suspects that the drugs help the fungus control its hosts.
https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/07/massospora-parasite-drugs-its-hosts/566324/
For cicadas, horror stories are real. A mind-controlling fungus, Massospora cicadina, has infiltrated many cicada populations throughout the United States, including Pennsylvania.
Now, scientists have identified some of the chemicals — including psychedelic drugs — that may be behind Massospora’s frightening abilities. Animals infected by the fungi may be the closest thing to real-life zombies, and scientists are beginning to understand how they work.
Zombie stories are everywhere in pop culture, thriving on the fear of losing control. Originally, zombies were depicted as corpses brought back to life via supernatural means.
But more recent iterations have searched for scientific causes, yielding still-living “infected” people under the sway of some disease that radically changes their behavior. In the video game franchise The Last of Us, the culprit is a fungus — bringing the zombie concept closer to real life.
Matt Kasson, professor of plant pathology at West Virginia University, doesn’t like to use the term zombie. But he acknowledged the similarity. “If you think about what the [Massospora] fungus is doing, it is taking over in some regards. ... The [cicada] becomes a vehicle for a greater purpose.”
That purpose? “The fungus just wants the spores spread. It just wants to reproduce," Kasson said. By the time you see a cicada, it’s too late — the spores have already started growing.
Periodic cicadas infected with the Massospora cicadina fungus, which grows from their abdomen - Every summer, cicadas crawl out of the earth, and some encounter Massospora spores lying in wait in the soil. Annual cicadas are relatively common in the region, emerging every year.
Periodic cicadas are rare within the Philadelphia city limits, but can be found in suburban and rural areas. In areas such as Princeton and Franklinville, N.J., massive groups can emerge in certain years, said Jon Gelhaus, curator of entomology at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University. He was not involved in the study.
After shedding their skin — you may have seen the leftover husks clinging to a tree — cicadas fly about on their new wings and sing loudly. But after a week or two, the fungus makes its presence known. “Even someone that’s never seen them before would look at them and tell that there’s something wrong with that cicada,” Kasson said. “Over time, [the cicada’s abdomen] sloughs off, revealing more of the fungus underneath.
The cicada could be missing up to two-thirds of its body and still be functioning like nothing’s happening." In fact, he said, sometimes the cicada’s activity “is even accelerated.”
The exposed fungus on the cicada’s abdomen releases infectious spores into the air and especially through contact. To that end, Massospora makes cicadas seek out others to mate.
The infection “is sexually transmissible, and spreads to all the cicadas they encounter that way. Males, in addition to trying to mate with females, will also pretend to mate with males ... doubling the number of cicadas [the fungus] comes in contact with,” explained Kasson.
The infected don’t get to reproduce themselves, as they’ve lost the necessary organs to the fungus. Kasson’s graduate students introduced him to the phenomenon a few years ago. “They brought in the first specimen, and I saw it and said, ‘OK, we have to study this,’" he recalled.
Along with researchers from across the U.S., Kasson has been working to discover the secrets behind how Massospora manipulates its host.
By collecting infected cicadas from across the country, the scientists were able to identify 1,176 different chemicals that could be involved. Two, however, stood out because they’re widely known mind-altering compounds.
The team found psilocybin — the key ingredient in “magic mushrooms” — in the species of Massospora that infects periodic cicadas, which emerge every 13 or 17 years.
Massospora in sub cicadas had a different chemical, an amphetamine named cathinone. Cathinone is normally found in the leaves of the khat plant, which are chewed as a stimulant by some people in Africa and the Middle East.
Tatyana Livshultz, assistant curator of botany at the Academy of Natural Sciences, explained that plants and fungi often make chemicals to change insect behavior, but these interactions are usually more benign, such as repelling a would-be herbivore with a bitter taste or attracting a pollinator to a flower with a sweet smell.
Livshultz, who was not involved in the study, points out that exactly how cathinone and psilocybin affect cicadas is still unknown; the study merely found the compounds. It did not establish their precise function.
While Kasson suspects that these chemicals help Massospora take control, he didn’t test their effects because he was concerned about running afoul of federal regulation of controlled substances.
“I had to report all of [my research] to the [Drug Enforcement Agency] because I was afraid they were going to come in and confiscate my cicadas, Tase me, and throw me in jail," Kasson said wryly. He is planning to apply for DEA clearances for future experiments.
There is no need to fear Massospora creating human zombies. The fungus has evolved for millions of years to specialize on cicadas, so infecting an entirely different animal is not an option. “You go down that road evolutionarily, you are putting all those eggs in one basket. That limits a lot about the parasite," Gelhaus explained.
And coming into contact with infected cicadas is extremely unlikely to give you a buzz, Kasson said. The chemicals are found in such tiny amounts, a person would have to ingest a horrifying number of them to feel anything other than revulsion at eating moldy cicadas.
It is likely, however, that nature will continue to provide material for horror fiction. As Livshultz puts it: "We are still just scratching the surface.... We still live in a largely undiscovered world. It’s fascinating, thrilling to see what’s out there and imagine what else could be.”
https://www.inquirer.com/science/fungus-hijacks-cicadas-sex-drugs-screaming-bugs-20190706.html
MANHATTAN — If the appearance and buzzing and clicking of cicadas are enough to bug you, a Kansas State University student hopes her interactive display will make the insect seem friendlier.
The display, created by Patricia Melton, senior in digital experimental media, Manhattan, is a plush 7-inch stuffed cicada with giant eyes like a child's stuffed toy but is touch-sensitive and plugs into a computer. The display uses visual and microcontroller coding platforms to play video on a computer monitor or a projector screen.
Melton created her cicada display under the guidance of Carlos Castellanos and Matt Garcia, both assistant professors of art. To Melton, the cicada is somewhat of a "comfort insect."
"I moved a lot of places growing up, and every summer, everywhere, I would always hear the cicada," Melton said. "The cicada sound was my security blanket — a sense of home wherever I was."
The video footage played in the display alternates between people and bugs, each living their everyday lives. As participants touch the cicada in different spots or with varying levels of intensity, the video and its corresponding audio change.
A gentle touch emits real cicadas' soft natural buzzing sound and calm videography, such as a person walking on a trail or ants crawling on bark. A firm push on the stuffed cicada causes the cicada's distress signal sound, and the video changes to imagery of an explosion.
"Those changes represent how people affect insects — it's not always a positive relationship," Melton said. "Some people fear cicadas because when they appear, there are millions everywhere making surprising noises, but they're actually beneficial."
As part of her research for the project, Melton learned that when cicadas come out of their underground hiding places, they aerate and loosen the soil, which allows new plants to grow more easily.
Their feeding process trims tree branches and root systems, which prunes trees, Melton said. Cicadas lay eggs inside tree bark, and when the bark falls from the trees, other animals eat the eggs off the ground. Melton represented this cycle in her display by crafting her cicada from recycled materials.
"I think of cicadas as a symbol of regeneration and rebirth, which is inspiring," Melton said. "My goal is to help people like cicadas a little more and maybe see them in a different way," Melton said.
"Hopefully they will learn more about cicadas and be nicer to them. Don't smash them when they get in your house. Take them outside. Make them do work for nature and for us."
Melton was selected to present her cicada display at the Undergraduate Research Day at the Capitol in February. Her work is currently on display from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Friday, March 31, at the Chapman Gallery in Willard Hall, with a reception set for 4-6 p.m.
Melton's presentation at the state Capitol was part of the university's Office of Undergraduate Research & Creative Inquiry's work to promote undergraduate research.
The office will sponsor the 17th annual Developing Scholars Symposium, featuring the work of around 80 projects by undergraduates from across disciplines, from 1:30-3:30 p.m. Sunday, April 9, in the K-State Student Union Ballroom.
The Developing Scholars Program offers high-achieving, serious-minded underrepresented students the opportunity to conduct research projects in their field of study with faculty mentors.
https://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/2017-03/cicadas33117.html
The cicadas that emerge each year create the tradition evening background sound of summer in Virginia. The males "sing" to attract a mate by popping in and out two drum-like plates (tymbals), one on each side of their abdomen, 300-400 times per second. Females as much as a mile away can be attracted by "the loudest song in the insect world."
Periodical cicadas emerge after living underground for 13 or 17 years. Eggs laid in twigs grow into nymphs that burrow into the soil and live on tree roots. In the suburbs of Northern Virginia and elsewhere, construction projects disturb the soil and kill the underground cicadas as roads and houses are built.
In the "tree save" areas and in forests not yet disturbed, the cicada nymphs can also survive for 13-17 years. Periodical cicada nymphs emerge when the their internal calendar tells them the year is right and soil temperature at 8" of depth reaches around 68°.
Stragglers can appear several years before or after their 13-year or 17-year cycle. Genetic variability results in stragglers, and that creates the potential for a brood to continue if a standard emergence year coincides with a disaster such as a hurricane or drought.
Emerging broods are welcomed by local predators who gorge for several weeks on the sudden feast of protein, and "predator satiation" due to the massive numbers of individual cicadas ensures that enough females will mate and lay eggs to start another generation.
Broods can create dramatically high levels of noise and obvious damage to tree branches. They are sliced open when the female inserts her fertilized eggs and the tips of branches often die, deprived of water and food after the eggs are inserted.
The damage to vegetation is short-term, akin to grazing by deer. The nymphs do little damage to the roots; they may even improve the soil by aerating it.
The cicada can survive on the nutrient-poor sap only because they have a symbiotic relationship with specialized bacteria that produce additional proteins. 15 broods of periodical cicadas have been identified in eastern North America. Virginia experiences eruptions of the following broods.
http://www.virginiaplaces.org/natural/cicada.html
The screaming cries of cicadas are an unavoidable and occasionally deafening soundtrack to summer. Yet as much as we can’t avoid hearing these loud little insects, few of us ever see them. Ann Jones takes a look at some of the 800 species of cicada who are thought to call Australia home.
It’s the sound of heat. It’s quintessentially summer, and it’s deafening. The cicadas are calling. There are between 700 and 1000 species of these throbbing lotharios in Australia, though less than 300 species have been officially named.
In my memory, the sound is usually accompanied by an Icy Pole and the feeling of a soft drift of droplets hitting my arms from the trees above. Had I known I was being peed on by thousands of cicadas, I might not have committed the rosy memory to the nostalgia bank, but you live and learn.
Toilet activities that affect innocent bystanders are not the only disturbing things about cicadas. They can be unnerving creatures. Their piercing calls and their monstrous looks would already be enough to get the horror-meter to a moderate setting, but the way they rip apart the shell of their teenage years as they bloom into adulthood really gets the stomach churning, especially when it’s watched at close distance.
The greengrocer (Cyclochila australasiae) is the cicada that you’re most likely to have heard, as its range overlaps the densely human populated eastern states. This emerald beauty has a complex lifecycle.
After some months in an egg stationed in a zip-like cut up a tree, a nymphal cicada hatches out and makes its way down to the ground. It generally does this by leaping. It’s so small it does so with impunity. Then it then starts to burrow, digging a tunnel to a tree root, where it latches on to feed on sap.
I would say that they feed ‘like a child to the breast’, but really it’s more gruesome than that. The nymphs have a rostrum through which they feed. It’s a special proboscis—a thick, needle-like protrusion that penetrates the root’s flesh and sucks the xylem from within.
As it progresses through its nymphal stages, the greengrocer becomes fat, brown and hunched over. Its front two legs become much larger than the others—like Popeye’s forearms with yabby claws on the end.
The insect has the air of an aging butler or the hunch-backed assistant to Dr Frankenstein, as if it would grovel along and say ‘yes, master’ when addressed. Cicada nymphs are simply not made for life above ground. They’re made for the subterranean world, and they stay under there for years at a time.
Just how many years the greengrocer stays underground is still open for scientific discussion. ‘Some of the early published observation suggested six to seven years underground before they emerge,’ says Dr Lindsey Popple, one of a handful of cicada researchers in Australia.
‘That’s been a bit debated recently. Dave Britton from the Australian Museum has been saying around four years. My colleague Dave Emery from [the University of] Sydney also, he found that there was a very large emergence at Bundanoon south of Sydney and then 10 years later another very large emergence.’
So, is it four or six, seven or 10 years? It seems like it would be an easy thing for scientists to find out, but they are hampered by factors both natural and manmade.
First of all, every year some greengrocers emerge. Some years the brood is bigger, and others it is smaller, but the consistent emergence of some individuals confounds scientists trying to pick a pattern.
Secondly, you can’t just put a cicada nymph in a bucket of dirt and wait for them to emerge. They need to feed on live tree sap throughout their lifecycle. While these problems are not insurmountable, the final issue is research funding. In Australia most cicada research is undertaken either voluntarily or as a PhD project.
The shortest estimate of the greengrocer’s nymphal lifespan is about four years. ‘[There is] more and more pressure for PhDs to finish in three years, so if you have a three or a nine year, or like the US cicadas a 17-year lifecycle, you’ve got to be pretty patient with them,’ says Dr Popple.
The nymphs patiently stay under ground for years, but they’re not hibernating while they’re down there, they’re actually quite active. ‘I have actually put a cicada nymph in a terrarium to see what it did around the plant roots, and they’re really amazing,’ says Dr Popple.
‘You pull them out of the ground and they’re all bent over and they’re sort of hopeless, they stumble around and you look at them and think “That thing, how does it survive?” But underground, they’re in their domain, they backfill their burrows [and] they can do flips in these tunnels underground.’
When the time is right, sometime after rain between September and November, they dig themselves out. First they raise a turret before emerging, sometimes in their thousands. They climb up trees and latch on for dear life.
They’ll need it, because the final moulting process is horrifying to watch. The Igor-like nymph freezes in place and then a split appears in lengthways down its back: an escape-hatch through the exoskeleton.
From within the head, appears another head, pushing up out of the nymph shell like that dome-headed extraterrestrial that emerges from John Hurt’s stomach in Alien. It’s grotesque. The adult cicada has essentially been wearing the nymph’s skin as a costume for the last couple of days of its life.
It pushes and pulls and the gaping chasm across the shell’s back gets wider and wider. At some stage, the cicada pulls back out of the shell with its rear still stuck inside, and for a split second it looks like the much bigger adult insect is riding the nymph like a pony while swinging a lasso.
Then, it emerges: moist, soft and complete. An time-lapse of a cicada moulting. Each frame taken at one minute intervals. The Cicada takes about two hours to complete the process. Its wings are magically inflated with fluid and shortly after, they harden.
The wings are slightly longer than the body and delicate looking, as if they’re made out of vein-laced rice paper. After a short time for rest and recuperation, the adults spend a few weeks dedicated to eating their fill, attending cicada rock concerts and hopefully having sex.
On the eating front, they again deploy their straw like protuberance to suck sap from the tree, and if alarmed have been known to fly off, leaving it embedded in the tree’s flesh.
‘I have, on a couple of occasions, allowed the cicada to think I’m a tree, because they normally sink their rostrum into the tree to suck the sap,’ says Dr Popple. You don’t have to worry about that though, they’re not venomous and you’re unlikely to want to get too close once they’re singing.
The males are the ones that sing. They’re doing it to try to attract a mate, just as one does at the karaoke bar. The sounds they produce might not be your idea of a sweet serenade, but then, you’re not a female cicada. (Unless you are a female cicada, in which case, please comment on your musical tastes and requirements below).
They don’t all perform the same pulsing rhythm you might’ve heard the greengrocer drumming out. Each species has its own sound. The golden emperor does his best to attract a mate by whipping in a quick yodel in the middle of his pulsing song.
The double drummer performs around 220 screaming pulses a second, and each pulse is two little pushes of sound squashed together. It’s almost obscene—the noise is dense, unrelenting and truly deafening. It can arrive at 120 db and is painful to the human sensibilities.
There are between 700 and 1000 species of these throbbing lotharios in Australia, though less than 300 species have been officially named, according to Dr Popple. The entomologists certainly do have a good time with the names, though.
Some of the names are based on the sounds the cicadas make, such as the fishing reel buzzer and the sprinkler squeaker. Others are named for their looks, like the greengrocer, the yellow Monday, the tiger prince, the floury baker and the masked devil. We are truly blessed in the cicada area in Australia.
The superfamily Cicadoidea is divided into two groups: Tettigarctidae (q.v.) and Cicadidae. With names like the whiskey drinker, the fishing reel and the water sprinkler, find out more about the cicada at Off Track. Almost all cicadas fall into the second grouping, but both the known living species of Tettigarctidae are in Australia.
They’re otherwise known as ‘hairy cicadas’. Hairy cicada males don't make any airborne sound as other cicadas do, so you can't hear them. Instead, males and females communicate by making vibrations through the substrate.
Cicadas in general have a broad flat forehead with googly eyes spread so far apart that they almost look like a hammerhead shark. They have delicate wings, pointy legs and a large abdomen shaped like a tear drop, where the pointy bit is the bottom.
Really, though, you might never notice them at all if it weren’t for their pulsating song: the call for cicada saucy-times that forms the soundtrack of summer the world over. Head outside and venture Off Track for a show about the great outdoors. Listen to the environment discussed by the people who live in and love it.
https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/offtrack/inside-the-lifecycle-of-australian-cicadas/6075298
Grubs are a common nuisance in Texas lawns. There are actually 100 different types of scarab beetles in Texas that have a similar lifecycle and designated as white grubs, grub worms, June bugs, or May beetles.
These bugs are harmless to pets and humans other than being a nuisance. The adult beetle does no direct damage to any plant, but its larval form can do significant damage to root systems of warm season turf grasses, vegetables, and ornamental plants.
Plants damaged by grubs will have weak growth and low plant vigor. Damaged turf grass will exhibit weak growth and vigor and have irregular patches of dying or dead grass. Most damage is evidenced in late summer and fall when grubs are ½” to 1” long and drought stresses are at their peak.
Most lawns that struggle in spring had most of the damage done the previous fall. If you can tug on your grass and it peels up like a carpet then you have a severe grub infestation.
You can sample for grubs by digging at least 4-6 inches down into the soil around areas suspected for grubs. If you have more than 5 grubs per square foot then you have an infestation that justifies treatment.
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCXHfl8lymcPA_ScxupGoGg
To properly control and treat for grubs you need to understand their life cycle first. Adults will emerge from the ground in late spring to mate. Once mated, females go back into the ground and lay up to 30 eggs. The eggs hatch in about two weeks.
Grubs go through three larval stages before they become adults. Two stages happen in the fall six weeks apart and then they hibernate during the cold winter months and spend most of the spring in the last stage before hatching out as adults in early summer.
Spring is the wrong time of the year to treat for grubs, and chemicals have little to no effectiveness when applied in spring. Garden centers and big box stores are doing you an injustice by selling you a grub killer in spring!
Unfortunately, this is when homeowners will notice them while digging around or start to notice the damaging effects on lawns and they feel the need to treat then.
Both chemical and biological methods of control are most effective when applied before they have reached ½” long. Late summer (July and early August), is the opportune time of the year to be treating for June bugs in Central Texas.
Come see us today and we can help you to choose the correct grub control product for your lawn. Unnecessary applications of chemicals can create more problems than they solve.
Apply products in early morning or late evening as chemicals are broken down by UV light. Always water your product in well with the equivalent of ½” to 1” of rainfall.
Heavy thatch will reduce the effectiveness of insecticides by preventing them from getting down into the soil profile where grubs are active. Consider renting a ‘dethatching machine’ or ‘aerating’ your lawn if thatch or compacted soils are an issue.
http://backbonevalleynursery.com/controlling-grubs-in-texas-lawns/
Known as periodical cicadas, these long-lived insects — the longest-lived in North America — can be found only in the eastern half of the United States, surfacing between May and June in cycles of 13 or 17 years, depending on the species.
They live near trees, hatching and growing underground as nymphs and living off sap that they siphon from tree roots. During their years underground, the nymphs molt through five growth cycles, known as instars.
Then, when ground temperatures reach 64 degrees Fahrenheit (18 degrees Celsius) at a soil depth of 8 inches (20 centimeters), the nymphs emerge en masse and metamorphose into winged adults, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
The emergence of a population of periodical cicadas is usually synchronized across multiple states. The number of boisterously buzzing bugs varies widely from year to year but can total in the billions; in 2016, periodical cicadas in some areas congregated in densities of 1.5 million insects per acre, the Washington Post reported.
Here's what you need to know about the periodical cicadas that will be emerging in 2017. Periodical cicadas and annual cicadas: What's the difference? Annual cicadas emerge later in the year than periodical cicadas, arriving in late June through August, according to the Magicicada website.
The annual variety is typically light green or brownish in color, while periodical cicadas have black bodies, red legs, bright red eyes and red veins running through their large, translucent wings.
Periodical cicadas' bodies measure about .0.75 to 1.25 inches (1.9 to 3.2 centimeters) in length, while annual cicadas' bodies are somewhat bigger, at about 1.75 inches (4.5 cm) long, entomologists with North Carolina State University (NCSU) wrote.
There are approximately 3,000 cicada species, seven of which represent periodical cicadas. Three periodical species — Magicicada septendecim, Magicicada septendecula and Magicicada cassini — have 17-year life cycles, while four species — Magicicada tredecim, Magicicada neotredecim, Magicicada tredecassini and Magicicada tredecula — follow a 13-year life cycle.
What is a brood? Periodical cicadas are identified by the term "broods," which categorizes the insects based on the year in which they emerge, with Roman numerals representing each group. According to NCSU entomologists, there are 30 broods:
Broods I through XVII are found predominantly in the northeastern U.S. and have 17-year life cycles, while Broods XVIII through XXX are 13-year cicadas and live mostly in the southern U.S.
In 2017, Brood VI periodical cicadas are expected to emerge in three states: South Carolina, North Carolina and Georgia. They will appear in Rabun County in Georgia, in Oconee and Pickens Counties in South Carolina, and in Buncombe, Burke, Caldwell, Henderson, McDowell, Polk and Wilkes Counties in North Carolina, with smaller groups anticipated in Ohio and Wisconsin, Cicada Mania reported.
As of June 12, cicada emergence is underway in Georgia and the Carolinas, with additional sightings reported in central Oklahoma, according to Cicada Mania.
https://www.facebook.com/BridgetNielsenArt/
The last time this brood was seen in the United States was in 2000. Hillary Clinton had just been elected to the U.S. Senate, the International Space Station was welcoming its very first crew, and Harry Potter and his friends were entering their fourth year at Hogwarts in the newly released novel "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire" (Scholastic, 2000).
The periodical cicadas that emerged in 2016 — Brood V, another 17-year group — appeared in parts of Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia and New York.
https://www.facebook.com/gigiyoungdotcom/
Sometimes, different broods overlap, as they did in 2015, when Brood IV (17-year cycle) and Brood XXIII (13-year cycle) appeared across 14 states in total.
In May 2017, people living in the Mid-Atlantic region were surprised to see periodical cicadas, which were not expected until 2021, appearing in the hundreds — 1,000 sightings were reported from northern Virginia to Bel Air, Maryland in just two days, the Washington Post reported.
Entomologists are collecting data about these early appearances, to determine whether this represents a disturbance in the cicadas' life cycle that could be linked to longer growing seasons due to climate change, according to the Washington Post.
How do cicadas know when to come out of the ground? "The year of cicada emergence is cued by what I and others believe to be an internal molecular clock," Chris Simon, a professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Connecticut, told Entomology Today.
A periodical cicada's internal clock is likely calibrated by certain environmental cues that signal the passage of a year, "such as the trees leafing out," Simon suggested. This event, he said, changes the composition of the fluid in tree roots that nourishes cicada nymphs in early instars, or developmental stages.
"The accumulation of 13 or 17 years triggers the emergence of fifth-instar nymphs. The day of emergence is triggered by accumulated ground temperature," Simon said.
In fact, entomologist Richard Karban of the University of California, Davis, used this "tree time" phenomenon to get a group of 17-year cicadas to emerge a year early. Karban manipulated peach trees that were supporting the cicada nymphs so that the plants bloomed twice a year rather than just once.
The cicadas had already been brooding for 15 years, and the double-blossoming tree roots tricked the insects into "thinking" two years had passed, according to the article published in July 2000 in the journal Ecology Letters.
How long are they around? Adult periodical cicadas enjoy a brief and frenzied mating period that lasts just four to six weeks, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) explained in a Pest Alert publication.
About three to five days after mating, females lay approximately 24 to 28 eggs, which hatch after six weeks. Then, the nymphs burrow underground, and the cycle begins all over again. Brood VI's next expected appearance will be 17 years from now, in 2034.
Adult cicadas can't bite or sting, and aren't toxic; in fact, they are edible, with an "asparagus-like" flavor, cicada expert Gene Kritsky, a biologist at the College of Mount St. Joseph University in Cincinnati, told National Geographic.
Unlike the highly destructive locusts that they are sometimes mistaken for, periodical cicadas don't feed at all, according to the USDA. However, females can damage tree branches by carving tiny slits to hold their eggs, the USDA said.
Every species of cicada produces a unique song that the males use to call the females, and the bugs can be heard at up to a distance of 1 mile (1.6 kilometers). While periodical cicadas generally have red eyes, some of the insects have white or blue eyes, biologist Patrick Abbot at Vanderbilt University in Tennessee said in a statement.
Cicada researcher Roy Troutman has captured photos and video of periodical cicadas that have white eyes, a trait caused by a genetic mutation that strips the color from the insects' eyes and even from their wings, he explained in a video description.
The veins at the tips of periodical cicadas' wings can appear to take the shape of the letter "w," according to the Cicada Mania website.
People once viewed that letter as an evil omen, The New York Times reported on May 20, 1894, saying, "some superstitious persons have greatly alarmed themselves, most unnecessarily, by thinking this meant war. Others, more sensible, think it means warm weather."
By emerging in enormous numbers, periodical cicadas follow an unusual survival strategy, essentially outlasting their predators by providing them with too much to eat, according to a 1993 study published in the journal Ecology.
This technique, known as "predator satiation," enables hungry predators to gorge themselves sick on readily available prey, until the predators reach a saturation point where they avoid the cicadas completely.
The "synchronized, explosive emergences" of periodical cicadas ensure that even though large numbers of the insects may be eaten, plenty will still survive long enough to mate and lay their eggs, the study authors wrote. Editor's Note: This article was originally published on January 24. It was updated with information on the current status of the cicada season.
https://www.livescience.com/57606-cicada-season.html
Diets high in animal products can cause a host of health problems ranging from increased risk of heart disease and certain cancers to weight gain and autoimmune disorders, deteriorating digestive probiotics within.
What many people don’t realize, however, is just how aging consumption of animal protein can be. While many people think that animal protein is healthy as long as its lean, the truth is that all types of animal proteins are unhealthy and can lead to critical imbalances in your body that sap you of your energy, drain minerals from your bones and cells, and actually speed up the aging process.
animal protein and the environmentHow can environmental issues contribute to aging? Polluted air and waterways contribute to the toxic sludge that builds up in your body over time, depleting your energy and keeping your body from functioning at its optimal best.
Production of animal products has a profound impact on the environment, contributing significantly to water and air pollution. Factory farms generate nearly 2 billion tons of animal waste every year. In fact, about 20 tons of livestock waste is generated for every household in the United States.
All of that waste has to go somewhere. Unfortunately, where it often winds up is seeping into groundwater, being dumped in the waterways, and winding up in the foods we eat and the water we drink.
Animal production also contributes to toxic gases in the environment. The butchering, processing, and shipping of animals consumes more than 1/3 of fossil fuels used in the United States. These fossil fuels dump dangerous and toxic chemicals into the air we breathe, further increasing your toxic load.
affects of acidic foodsYour body functions within a very narrow range of pH at about 7.0, which is slightly alkaline. When the foods you eat move your body out of this range of alkalinity, the cells don’t function properly.
In these cases, your body then seeks to pull mineral salts from cells and bones in order to restore alkalinity. This can result in free radical formation, which accelerates the aging process. It can also contribute to bone demineralization, which leads to weakened bones and, ultimately, osteoporosis.
Animal protein is one of the most metabolically acidic foods humans eat. It creates conditions of acidity within the body after ingestion (why is poop green many ask?), forcing the body to seek to return to an alkaline state through demineralization of the bones and the cells. The result of eating significant amounts of animal protein is accelerated aging.
Antibiotics and Hormones - Factory farmed animals exist in almost incomprehensible conditions. Instead of roaming free and feeding on the natural foods available in pasturelands, factory farmed animals are piled nearly one on top of the other with very little room to move about freely.
This results in easily spread infection and fecal contamination. To combat this, factory farmers supply antibiotics in the animals’ feed as a preventive measure.
antibiotics and hormones in animals Because there is such demand in the Western diet for animal protein products, factory farmers also seek ways to enhance the animals’ growth so they reach maturity far more quickly than their normal life cycle would indicate.
To do this, they supply hormones in the animals’ feed to enhance growth and increase production. If your food consumes these things, then so will you when you eat that food. Factory farmed animal products are laden with hormones and antibiotics.
In many cases, the animals are also filled with the pesticides, chemical fertilizers, and genetically modified food products the farmers’ use to feed them. This means that you, too, are ingesting pesticides, genetically modified products, and fertilizers every time you eat a factory farmed animal product.
This increases the amount of toxic sludge in your body, which keeps you from efficiently digesting the foods you eat, absorbing nutrients, and using your life energy well.
Antibiotics in animal proteins also kill the beneficial flora in your colon. That flora is essential in intestinal health. Why is intestinal health so important?
Because your colon serves as one of your body’s chief organs of detoxification. When it doesn’t function properly, then your colon is unable to thoroughly and efficiently eliminate the toxins that age you.
Most of the products you find in grocery stores come from factory farmed animals. Even animal proteins labeled as “organic” or “natural” may be laden with these toxins.
If you do eat animal protein, I recommend purchasing them from a trusted local source that uses sustainable ranching practices, allowing the animals to reach maturity naturally while grazing on indigenous, organic plants.
Animal Proteins and Putrefaction - Your body does not digest animal proteins well under the best of circumstances. If you regularly eat animal proteins, then chances are they are not digesting.
Instead, the proteins putrefy in your colon and become part of the toxic sludge, blocking efficient digestion of healthier foods that contribute the important enzymes and nutrients to keep you youthful and energetic.
Vitamins, Minerals, Fiber, and Enzymes - lack of Vitamins, Minerals, Fiber, and Enzymes in meatAside from having protein and vitamin B12, animal protein has very little to offer nutritionally- being devoid of fiber and low in essential vitamins and minerals.
Furthermore, unless you are eating it raw, animal foods have been heated, which denatures the amino acids which make up protein chains, reducing the actual amount of protein your body is able to use and assimilate.
When you fill up on animal proteins, you don’t eat as much of the nutritious foods your body needs for vibrant health, such as raw green veggies. Similarly, animal proteins may keep you from consuming the fiber you need to clean your intestines.
An anti-aging diet, then, is one that is low in animal products (including meat, dairy, and eggs). Instead, it is high in beneficial raw plant foods like green vegetables, other vegetables, fruits, nuts, and seeds. These foods fight the free radicals that age you. They also create alkalinity in the body, protecting cellular function and promoting health.
Not to mention, the horrifying things that the industry does to animals raised for food, which is the main reason I no longer buy or eat animal products.
My husband & I recently learned that baby male chicks, because they won’t produce eggs later on, are often ground up alive or tossed in a pile & left to die!! Even so called, organic egg farms are guilty of such cruelty!
Don’t get me started on what they do to cattle, turkeys, pigs, etc. I refuse to be a part of such souless practices. I just don’t understand how people can do such horrible things to living, feeling creatures.
Great article once again Kim! The only animal product that I struggle to get rid of in my life is cheese. Any helpful suggestions to Help wain me off it completely? I don’t live alone so the temptation is always there :/
I think Kimberly said in her book (if I remember correctly) that cheese was hard for her to give up as well. I have a neighbor – same thing. She’s pretty much vegan otherwise. What is it about cheese?
Tybz, I went to a nutrition seminar by the folks at whole9life.com last fall and they actually discussed why cheese is so hard for people to give up (they advocate eating wild and pastured meats, but steer folks away from dairy).
Apparently cheese has a high concentration of beta casomorphins, which are mildly addictive substances that I believe are present in the casein protein. These substances serve an evolutionary purpose by making babies want to nurse.
Yes cheese was the last thing to go for me. I used to love the taste of cheese! It was a 2 year process to get 100% off it. I weaned down, then switched to goat’s cheese. Then one day I realized that I really didn’t need it- or want it anymore!
Be patient with yourself, and use the goat’s cheese as a transition. But if you need reminders why it really isn’t worth it in the long-run, reread my dairy section in the Beauty Detox. :)
Hey, I’m not sure if Kimberly agrees with this, but I really love almond cheese and I think it tastes really great. I try to sub cheese with creamy avacado or hummus most of the time but when I just really need some cheese in my life I go with the almond cheese.
Hi Chelsea, good for you. I know there are different types out there- my client showed me one she was so happy to have found, and I felt bad about telling her there was gluten in it. Check labels and find the best one that works for you! xx
Love the article, although being a weightlifter and devoted fitness guru, limiting my consumption of protein is somewhat of a challenge! I am working to seek out other sources of protein through plants, nuts, and seeds…healthy alternatives without as much stress to the body. Good article!
Great Brandon! I’m glad you are aware of these issues, which may not be widely discussed in the body-building world. Check out the raw protein by Garden of Life if you use protein powder. xx
You can take B 12 supplements if your levels are low. You can also get something called nutritional yeast. It has a cheesy flavor and can be sprinkled on veggies, soups and salads. Great source for B 12. Any health food market store will carry it.
If you are a vegan you can supplement with a good multi-vitamin that contains the whole range of the B-complex family. Nutritional yeast contains it, though it is controversial if it is in a form readily assimilated by humans.
Vitamin B12 is only produced by bacterias.Neither animalsnor plants can built B12. Before humans dumped all the chemicals on the fields and their environment,the B12 producing bacterias were on every surface. But they are very sensitive to chemicals.
Cows for example ate the bacterias while grazing, those bacterias multiplied in their intestines and this is why Cows have B12 in their muscletissue.
But nowadays, farm animals are getting feed and injected with B12 supplements because they are constantly under assault of chemicals through food, medication and pest control in the barns/stables.
Without the B12 supplements the animals would die and all the meateaters get supplemented products, made by bacterias in big fermentation tanks, which are than feed to animals to digest it and put it in their bodily tissue.
Same reason why industrial produced fermented products do no longer contain B12. Before industrialisation of food production, B12 producing bacterias were in every fermented product from sourdough bread to sauerkraut,miso and kimchi.
But B12 bacterias are not good fermenters, so the industry sorted through the mix of 100s of bacterias found in natrual fermented foods, isolated a handfull of them who fermented fast and on lower costs,dumping the B12 producing bacterias out of it.
Vegans do not need to supplement B12 because it would be lacking in their diet, they need to supplement because the toxic substances in the food chain, the air, the water and the ground have killed off the bacterias who would be on every surface and produce B12 for us.
Even in normal water they could be found…not any longer. Also no matter if you eat animals or not, if you had an operation on your stomach and the small intestines, chance is high you need to supplement B12 sublingual or per injection.
Also infections destroy the intrinsic factor in the stomach which in turn makes the body unable to digest the B12. Ironically mostly food born illnesses caused by eggs, meat and dairy, will cause a loss of those cells.
Methylcobalamin can be absorbed through the thin mucous membran under the skin, or you need to take a supplement with at least 1.000 microgramm B12. Through high dosages of B12, 1000 times higher than a normal dose,the B12 can diffund through the mucous membran without transportprotein.
So for everyone who had a stomach bug, check your intrinsic factor..or rather let it get checked and also your blood levels of B12…also the paleo dudes…happens to you too.
I have slowly been moving to remove all meat from my diet, only very occasionally eating small portions of red meat when out for dinner, and usually opting for chicken or raw fish if i am going to eat meat. I have found rather then feeling run down as i thought i might, i feel as if i have more energy and find i almost never feel bloated now.
Animal protein is so heavy to digest and takes so much energy. Be careful with what kinds of fish you are eating though- fish nowadays is so incredibly polluted. xx
I just want to thank you for your grat book, I’m almost done reading it, I drink your ggs drink almost everyday, what other things can I do for protein, how much protein should I consume a day, I weigh 128 pounds!, any advice well thank you.
Focus on eating whole, natural plant foods to balance your diet, and not necessarily try to measure protein grams or count calories. If you are getting sufficient calories, it is virtually impossible to be deficient in protein. xx
Hi, Kimberly!! I am a big fan of your book and your blog. Recently there has been a lot talk of “traditional food” emphasizing bone broths, fatty meats, which is getting me confused. What are your thoughts on it? Thank You!!
Look at Ray Peat’s work. He has a PHD is biology, is specialised in physiology and is a thyroide expert But you knwo what in a nutshell everybody (Paleo or vegan or arw foodists) agrees that PROCESSED foods including graisn (which are inflamatory) are the ‘enemy’ and the raeson why people get sick! Look at the Greeks, French and Iatlians who were striving on animal products of high quality, oragnic fruit and veggies and had no issue were amongst the healthiest people on thsi planet until the introduction of packaged processed foods!
Frank Sinatra said Tony Bennett was his favorite crooner. Tony, at the age of 85, was in great shape because he ate traditional Italian food.
Ew. Sounds like you were reading something from the “Deep Nutrition” school of thought. Thousands of studies have documented that diets high in cholesterol-rich animal fats are clogging, disease-causing and aging (as oxygen becomes restricted throughout the body).
These foods may be “traditional” in the sense that human cultures may be have been eating them for some time, but they are not natural foods. Humans lack claws and fangs to hack at animals and eat them raw. Can you imagine eating an animal raw and sucking on its marrow? It’s a repulsive thought, and impossible without fire, tools and weapons.
The most important thing is to correct your every day diet so you properly nourishing yourself on a daily basis. Fasting can be a great healing tool, but it should be relied on to “detox” the body only to go back to old habits.
True detoxification takes time and effort, and it is our every day habits which really add up for the long run. That being said, properly supervised fasts can be beneficial. xx
I began Beauty Detox Solution just after Christmas. I was amazed at how quickly I got off meat, without any loss of energy. I love my GGS, salads, yam and sauerkraut (organic) dinners!
After 1 and 1/2 months, my hair started feeling really silky for the first time since I can remember. The rough, dry scaly patches on the souls of my feet have been turning tender and soft. This Beauty Detox really works…and by the way, I’m a guy!
Your body is actually between 7.35 and 7.45; 7 is neutral. Well grass fed is better, but all animal products should still be limited b/c they are acidic difficult to digest, plus the other reasons I wrote above.
Whole food or plant-based means eating food that still looks as it did in nature. It’s food that hasn’t been altered, or at least minimally altered (such as veggies and fruits). You can healthy natural nutrients from eating plant-based foods. Sending lots of love! ;)
I have loved reading and following the BDS – I have been for about 6 months now – swapping between blossoming & radiant beauty phases. My eating patterns have become much better, as well as my energy & digestion, so thank you!!
In your book, you recommend an afternoon snack as being either GGS or veggie sticks – I have been doing more of a protein based afternoon snack about an hour before my workout, which consists of 1-2 tablespoons of chia seeds, 1 cup of almond milk and a little banana blended together.
I often have a small handfull of almonds with this. Is it ok to have the nuts with the shake, and ok to have each day? I do find that I am more energised for my workouts this way, but not sure if I need to mix it up a bit? I like to have almonds in my diet, but am still eating a little animal protein in the evening (4 times a week), so not sure what other time to eat them.
magnetic water
Can you eat nuts after a dinner containing eggs for example? I’m also unsure as to how protein powder, like hemp, fits into the BDS. I am happy with my chia seeds & nuts each day. How often would you drink your pure protein smoothie, and why would you add it in?
My last question is in regards to folate/folic acid. I discovered recently that I have polymorphism of MTHFR. I had a first lot of bood tests done (coincidentally) around the same time that I started on the BDS, last October.
My RBC folate levels were high then, and my latest blood tests show that my RBC folate is significantly higher again – as I am unable to use folate properly.
I have had to cut out any supplements that contain folic acid – I can’t have the nutritional yeast anymore, unfortunately :( I am now having to take folinic acid and 5 MTHF as supplements. I would just like to know your opinion, that with this condition, I’m still ok to follow your program with the large amounts of leafy greens etc.?
I love your book so much, the GGS and have always loved eating lots of salads, and don’t want to give any of that up. I am a little concerned as I don’t want my folate levels to keep rising.
Also, my urea levels are lower since starting the BDS, and I’ve been told this is to do with not eating enough protein. I feel good with what I currently eat – do you think I need to add more protein of some sort, or maybe my body is just adjusting?
I don’t know your entire diet, but from what you’re telling me, it sounds like you are getting plenty of protein. That being said, I don’t know about your medical background or conditions.
In general, if one’s diet is not deficient in calories it is difficult to be deficient in protein (kwashiorkor). Protein deficiency is an issue mainly in developing countries where people are not getting enough calories overall.
Useless proteins are broken down in the liver to form bioenergy composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and a waste product urea, which is a water soluble substance. The almonds are okay to have with the shake. Keep listening to your body, and adjusting things to suit your body the best.
Can you send me some reference article about this? If it really true that we can’t digest well the animal products i won’t eat it anymore and try to tell everybody why it’s so bad for us.
I started your Beauty Detox 4 month ago. I ordered your book. Can’t wait to get it! :) I suffered in acne, nut now it start to disappear. Thans for it! I always dreamed that i have a beautiful skin and now it seems to come true :)
Great article! I love your food-combining method, which has helped me tremendously. Although is there actual proof that meat ages us? Like scientific proof? Check out the paleo success stories. They are simply jaw-dropping. The people have glowing skin!
I know this question is old, but I’d like to answer it in case anyone is reading. No, there is not proof that meat ages a person. The argument that meat “putrefies” inside the colon is entirely unfounded.
The only thing that occurs inside the body even close to purification is the fermentation of certain vegetable products in the intestines. There are many nutrients/fats/etc. in plants that require the help of bacteria in the gut to become useful to humans.
That’s why it’s good to go organic or raise veggies yourself, as they have cultures of bacteria already present that help maintain good levels in your gut. Promote that gut flora, you know?
I eat like the greatest inspiration of the 20th century, Jack La Lane, who at the age of 94 was in great shape. He juiced raw organic fruits and veggies and ate wild Alaskan smoked salmon.
I have a question unrelatied to this entry; I was wondering if you have any opinion on the Dr.Hauschka brand of skin care and beauty products. I hear a lot of good things but since I’m not very knowledgeable about the ingredients for these products I wanted to know if you had any thoughts.
Unrelated question; I am just beginning to transition to this lifestyle, and have not finished reading BDS. Yesterday I ate celery followed by organic steel cut oats,later reading those are not okay.
I later had a banana and yet later a restaurant salad and glass of wine. This morning I woke up with a strange feeling on the roof of my mouth. Any ideas what this may be from? I remember years ago that prune juice gave me a similar reaction. Thanks for your help!
I know you say they don’t matter and you shouldn’t count, but is it possible to not get enough without eating too many dense foods like nuts and seeds and avocados? Especially for the anti candida plan. (Blossoming beauty).
Any advice would be sincerely appreciated! (i’m the one who tweeted you and asked where to ask questions. You said the blog, so here i am!) xo
Sure modern industrialized farming has horrid side effects environmentally and nutritionally, but to say grass fed meats (fats and proteins) and fish are bad for you, and thus one must subsist on nuts and plants when most pre-industrial societies did not.
I don’t want to rehash the Paleo argument here, but I think balance is in order. Plants and fruits have powerful polyphenols and antioxidants and should be part of a balanced diet but macronutriently speaking, clean grass fed meats and wild fish should be part of one’s plate.
So, how would you find clean fish? Tell me…because all ‘seven’ seas are only one big blotch of water, fish swimming in a cocktail of pesticides, herbicides, funghicides,antibiotics, detergents,heavy metals and chemicals that are used to line cans, make plastic soft, make fabric flame restistant…and so on.
So tell me where is this wonderland where the entire 7 billion human inhabitants of the earth can be feed with clean fish? Or let us check that nice grass feed, pasture raised cows, to feed the hunger of the american society with grass feed cows, 80% of the fertil land mass(where grass can grow), which is now used for farming, would be needed as pasture.
And that doesn´t take into account the hunger for pigs and birds..so now we have 80% of all farm land as pasture…so not to deplete the soil…and now where to raise all the other animals aaaand than the plants that humans want to eat?
WILD Alaskan Salmon is clean, shrimp have never tested positive or high in mercury, eating smaller wild prey like sardines are cleaner. All farmed fish are toxic with those disgusting pharmaceutical dyes.
I was vegetarian for 4 years. Thought it was the best way to eat. I’m paleo now and have never felt better. I am at a healthy weight and have amazing energy.
I have regular bowel movements (sorry, tmi) and don’t feel that inflammation that I used to feel. I eat almost all organic fruits and vegetables. I eat free range eggs and meat as well. What I don’t eat is toxic grains and sugar. Its not the meat that is killing people, its the food guide pyramid that says we should bulk up on grains!!!
However, I do agree that too much meat is a no-no. Yes, cattle cause a LOT of environmental damage and that’s unfortunate. But that is why I choose free range grass fed :) Trust your body! Oh, also, I haven’t been sick for 6 months when everyone else is getting pneumonia, bronchitis, colds, flu, ear infections….you name it!
Natalie, may I just ask you a question? If you are into paleo eating, is there a reason why you come on this website? this is not a criticism I am actually really wondering. I agree with you about the grain issue.
This is what is killing people along with processed foods. The agriculture of grains is as harmful to our planet as having GRASS-FED cattles. Think about all these animals we have indirectly killed by growing huge amounts of grains, greens, veggies etc…We stole what used to be their homes so we could feed ourselves. Would be great if more people grew their own foods! GREAT to hear how well you are doing!
If Kimberly would not mind commenting all all this it would be great. Because I feel guilty simply eating a piece of fruit that I ahve not grown myself!
People are omnivores. They don’t digest vegetation as well as herbivores or digest meat as well as a carnivore. The problems are very complex but the solution is very simple. Eat some raw organic vegetation like a wild elk and eat some raw grass fed animal products like a wild wolf as God intended.
Good for you! I’m also mostly paleo and it literally changed my life. I’m a fan of Kimberly because her way of eating really helps my digestion (the way she food combines and advocates raw produce).
Paleo is actually about 1/2 raw vegan, lol! When you look at it that way, We’re not downing bacon 24/7, especially the life-giving, healing grass-fed meats and organ saturated fats which are essential to thriving as a human being.
HELP I don’t know how else to reach you. I have your book starting reading BELIEVE everything you say. I starting doing it so excited but i’ve been diagnosed with severe IBS, colitis, acid reflux blah blah I could go on. “functional” diseases that “they” the western MD’s have no idea how to fix, manage, treat or cure. I obviously think there’s much more to it.
Oh yes also dyspepsia. I used to get “episodes” of severe bloating I man swelling to the point that I literally looked like I was 6 months pregnant. Always ending up in the ER. I’ve been to naturalpaths, MD’s, I’ve done biofeedback, cleanses you name it and it’s gotten worse. I no longer have “episodes” it never goes away.
It has gotten so bad, ruined my life, caused so much stress in my marriage, can’t do daily things, severe depression on anti depressants etc even contemplated suicide. What’s wrong with me? Im very slowly integrating more raw into my diet but I’m scared because everything I’ve read about IBS is to eat soluble fiber first, on an empty tummy and make that your main meal substance.
I’ve done candidiasis cleanses before BUT never truly got off sugar so probably never worked. HELP I’m desperate!!!! I’m not living anymore. Why is m stomach constantly swollen? Or wh does it get like that throughout the day getting worse at night. Will this way of life cure it?
Have you ever tried colon hydrotherapy? I also had IBS and chronic bloating, digestion problems, gastrointestinal issues, and colitis. I have completely cleaned up my diet (2 years ago now) and do regular colon hydrotherapy. I am 90% better ( could be 100%, but I dont always resist tempation for things like holiday sweets/cookies, and then i PAY for it afterwards!)
First of all, thank you for your blog and all the information you share. I’ve always been interested in health and wellbeing and I really believe that healt and beauty is connected to what and how we eat.
Anyway, I’m writing to you because I would be grateful if you could write an even more in depth blog about high meat, high fat and high dairy diet and how deterimental it can be to ones health. I’m from Sweden and the biggest thing here is a diet called LCHF- LowCarbHighFat.
It’s basically like Atkins but it emphazies more on a high fat intake, preferably animal fat. They have big doctors talking about it, many blogs, cook books and weekly magazines about this diet and recipes! Last year the shops ran out of butter and rumours said it was because of the LCHF diet.
When I read and hear about people promoting this diet, they talk about how it makes your blood sugar levels more even, they get rid of sugar cravings, better bowel movements(!!!) and the best thing accordning to most people is that they can still eat loads of food all the time and loose weight! But surely it can’t be good to stuff your face with protein and high fat animal products in big amounts!
I have seen the positive and negative effects of this diet. The most important thing that people often miss out on is the in order for this diet to be healthy and successful, one must consume high quality animal products.
In my household, we only eat locally sourced organic grass-fed beef, free range chicken from a local farm, and organic pasture-raised hog. If these measures are not taken, the consumption of large amounts of factory farmed animal products is extremely detrimental.
Not all meat is bad… just most of it is and people just don’t seem to be interested enough in their health to take the right percautions when consuming animal product.
The first thing to do is just ignore regulatory dogma. Next study what plants, animals, and people eat. A 112 year old woman living in the Caucasus eats goats milk yogurt.
Wild plants don’t eat food they eat fertilizer. For God so loved the tiger He didn’t give him some asparagus He gave him an antelope. For God so loved the antelope He didn’t give him some grains He gave him some greens.
The Vikings didn’t get their strength and smarts to sail the North Atlantic in a small wooden boat from cucumbers, but from cod. The longest lived animal on the planet eats mostly marine phytoplankton and some tiny sea creatures. I eat 85% vegetables and 15% animals.
I eat 20g carbs, 8g protein, and 5g fat every hour with 12oz water. I also do some cardio and strength exercises. I try to function optimally physically so I can achieve my goal of meditating on the virtues so I can acquire good moral character.
Kimberly, what is your opinion about a person eating bee pollen to get all their B vitamins, and especially B-12? Alot of reading I’ve done in the past led me to believe it is an excellent source for them. Plus I would not be eating any animal products.
Also, what is the best way to give up my addiction to eggs? Thank you for your time, and your blog. I am new to it, just started following you May 27, 2012, but LOVE what I’ve read and discoverd so far; I am changing my food intake and eating way better; dropped 10# these past 2 weeks so far.
The information in this article is true… but only somewhat. animal protein is unhealthy if it has been raised in commercial farming environments. all of the bad things we hear about red meat and animal products are true because the meat raised for those reasons are chock full of toxins and antibiotics. sick meat makes for sick humans.
BUT, animals that were raised on natural diets (unlike commercial farming) will produce meat that has beneficial to the human body, such as CLA fats which actually reverse the clogging of arteries.
What we hear in modern times about the harms of animal products is because we are generating animal products on a mass scale with chemical inputs that degrade the ecology of the earth and our bodies. corporations are to blame for this misinformation and pollution.
PASTURE RAISED ANIMAL PRODUCTS are healthy and have been essential to the majority of cultures historically, they are crucial components of a nutrient dense diet that humans evolved with.
Pasture-fed free-range animals are still enslaved and slaughtered. They are led to a place, made to stay there, and have no choice but to be killed, not to die a natural death. In human terms, this is false imprisonment and murder. A population of billions does require the most efficient and cheapest ways to produce food, but at tremendous cost to the environment, basic decency and humanity.
That is very true. You can’t get around the fact that an animal must be killed before you eat it. Not everyone has an issue with that though, and it’s beside the point.
The assertions in the article and the comment you responded to are in regard to the health effects of eating meat, not the ethics. Yes, animals must be killed to eat them, but saying that meat as a whole is unhealthy is (in the most polite wording) debatable.
While most meat that is currently produced seems to be unhealthy, the science is pretty convincing that properly raised, grass-fed ruminant meat is good for you.
When you kill an animal they have a sense of impending death and there are chemicals that are released when they feel these negative emotions.
These chemicals are toxins that go into the muscle tissue of the animal. Just like humans when they have negative emotions they release chemicals that our body reacts to.
When you ingest these toxins in the muscle tissue of the animal you’re taking them into your body at a cellular level. On top of this all animal protein increases the IGF-1 (growth hormone), that we naturally have.
When we overload our bodies with protein our organs don’t know what to do with all the energy but it’s gonna grow like you tell it to. Problem is cancer is already in all of our bodies and can only thrive in an acidic environment. You stop eating the growth hormone, you stop feeding the cancer cells.
Eating a whole foods plant based diet actually reverses this excess IGF-1. CBD’s in Cannabis are also proven to induce apoptosis (cell death) which is one reason why cancer can take over your body, they’ve altered themselves so that they never die. I’m a College Health pProfessor. ‘m 67 years old, and I’ve been eating meats of all types my entire life. I look and feel great. Of course we need veggies and fruits, but meat got me to where I am today and I’m not about to stop now. The answer is exercise and a positive attitude.
https://mysolluna.com/blog/2012/04/10/why-high-animal-protein-diets-age-you-faster/
At the time English colonists arrived in the spring of 1607, coastal Virginia was inhabited by the Powhatan Indians, an Algonquian-speaking people. The Powhatans were comprised of 30-some tribal groups, with a total population of about 14,000, under the control of Wahunsonacock, sometimes called “Powhatan.”
The Powhatans lived in villages with houses built of sapling frames covered by reed mats or bark. Villages within the same area belonged to one tribe. Each tribe had its own “werowance” or chief, who was subject to Wahunsonacock. Although the chiefs were usually men, they inherited their positions of power through the female side of the family.
Agricultural products – corn, beans and squash – contributed about half of the Powhatan diet. Men hunted deer and fished, while women farmed and gathered wild plant foods. Women prepared foods and made clothes from deerskins. Tools and equipment were made from stone, bone and wood.
The Powhatans participated in an extensive trade network with Indian groups within and outside the chiefdom. With the English, the Powhatans traded foodstuffs and furs in exchange for metal tools, European copper, European glass beads, and trinkets.
In a ranked society of rulers, great warriors, priests and commoners, status was determined by achievement, often in warfare, and by the inheritance of luxury goods like copper, shell beads and furs. Those of higher status had larger homes, more wives and elaborate dress.
The Powhatans worshipped a hierarchy of gods and spirits. They offered gifts to Oke to prevent him from sending them harm. Ahone was the creator and giver of good things.
https://www.instagram.com/janeinternational
As English settlement spread in Virginia during the 1600s, the Powhatans were forced to move inland away from the fertile river valleys that had long been their home.
As their territory dwindled, so did the Indian population, falling victim to English diseases, food shortages and warfare. The Powhatan people persisted, however, adopting new lifestyles while maintaining their cultural pride and leaving a legacy for today, through their descendants still living in Virginia.
The renowned Indian maiden who befriended English colonists in Virginia in the early 1600s has been immortalized in art, song and story.
Born about 1596, Pocahontas was the daughter of Powhatan, chief of over 30 tribes in coastal Virginia. Pocahontas was a nickname meaning “playful one.” Her formal names were Amonute and Matoaka.
Pocahontas was Powhatan’s “most deare and wel-beloved daughter,” according to Captain John Smith, an English colonial leader who wrote extensively about his experiences in Virginia.
Powhatan had numerous wives, and Pocahontas had many half-brothers and half-sisters. Her mother’s name is not mentioned by any 17th-century writers.
As a child, Pocahontas probably helped her mother with daily chores, learning what was expected of her as a woman in Powhatan society. Even the daughter of a chief would be required to work when she reached maturity.
In late 1607 Pocahontas, then about age 11, met John Smith in an event he described years later. Smith wrote that he had been captured by Indians and brought before Powhatan at Werewocomoco, the chief’s capital town on the York River.
After the Indians gave Smith a feast, they laid his head on two stones as if to “beate out his braines,” when Pocahontas “got his head in her armes, and laid her owne upon his to save him from death.” Some scholars today believe the incident was a ritual in which Powhatan sought to assert his sovereignty over Smith and the English in Virginia.
In 1608 Pocahontas assisted in taking food to the English settlement at Jamestown to persuade Smith to free some Indian prisoners. The following year, according to Smith, she warned him of an Indian plot to take his life.
Smith left Virginia in 1609, and Pocahontas was told by other colonists that he was dead. Sometime later, she married an Indian named Kocoum. In 1613, while searching for corn to feed hungry colonists, Samuel Argall found her in the village of the Patawomekes in the northern part of the Powhatan chiefdom and kidnapped her for ransom.
Powhatan waited three months after learning of his daughter’s capture to return seven English prisoners and some stolen guns. He refused other demands, however, and relinquished his daughter to the English, agreeing to a tenuous peace.
Thereafter, Pocahontas lived among the settlers. The Reverend Alexander Whitaker, living up the James River near Henrico (Henricus), taught her Christian principles, and she learned to act and dress like an English woman.
In 1614 she was baptized and given the name Rebecca. Soon after her conversion, Pocahontas married John Rolfe, a planter who had introduced tobacco as a cash crop in the Virginia colony.
In 1616 the Rolfes and their young son Thomas traveled to England to help recruit new settlers for Virginia. While there, Pocahontas had a brief meeting with John Smith, whom she had not known was alive, and told him that she would be “for ever and ever your Countrieman.”
As the Rolfes began their return trip to Virginia, Pocahontas became ill and died at Gravesend, England, in March 1617. John Rolfe sailed for Virginia, where he had been appointed secretary of the colony, but left Thomas in England with relatives.
Thomas Rolfe returned to Virginia in the 1630s. By that time, Powhatan and John Rolfe were dead, and peace with the Indians had been broken in 1622 by a bloody uprising led by Pocahontas’s uncle, Opechancanough.
Although Pocahontas was one of Powhatan’s favorite children, she probably had little influence over her father’s actions toward the English colonists. However, after she married and traveled to England, she was able to bring the Virginia colony to the attention of prominent English men and women.
https://www.historyisfun.org/jamestown-settlement/powhatan-village/pocahontas-and-the-powhatans-of-virginia/
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